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Publications of year 2000

Thesis

  1. Richard T. Lord. Aspects of Stepped-Frequency Processing for Low-Frequency SAR Systems. PhD thesis, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa, 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Stepped-Frequency Processing, RFI Suppression, Low-Frequency SAR, Wideband SAR.
    Abstract: Ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems operating in the VHF/UHF region are becoming increasingly popular because of their growing number of applications in the areas of foliage penetration radar (FOPEN) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR). The objective of this thesis is to investigate the following two aspects of low-frequency (VHF/UHF-band) SAR processing: 1. The use of stepped-frequency waveforms to increase the total radar bandwidth, thereby increasing the range resolution, and 2. Radio frequency interference (RFI) suppression. A stepped-frequency system owes its wide bandwidth to the transmission of a group of narrow-bandwidth pulses, which are then combined using a signal processing technique to achieve the wide bandwidth. Apart from providing an economically viable path for the upgrading of an existing single frequency system, stepped-frequency waveforms also offer opportunities for RFI suppression. This thesis describes three methods to process stepped-frequency waveforms, namely an IFFTmethod, a time-domainmethod and a frequency-domainmethod. Both the IFFT method and the time-domain method have been found to be unsuitable for SAR processing applications. The IFFT method produces multiple ghost targets in the high resolution range profile due to the spill-over effect of energy into consecutive coarse range bins, and the time-domain technique is computationally inefficient on account of the upsampling requirement of the narrow-bandwidth pulses prior to the frequency shift. The frequency-domain technique, however, efficiently uses all the information in the narrowband pulses to obtain high-resolution range profiles which do not contain any ghost targets, and is therefore well suited for SAR processing applications. This technique involves the reconstruction of a wider portion of the target\u2019s reflectivity spectrum by combining the individual spectra of the transmitted narrow-bandwidth pulses in the frequency domain. It is shown here how this method may be used to avoid spectral regions that are heavily contaminated with RFI, thereby alleviating the problem of receiver saturation due to RFI. Stepped-frequency waveforms also enable the A/D converter to sample the received narrow-bandwidth waveform with a larger number of bits, which increases the receiver dynamic range, thereby further alleviating the problem of receiver saturation during the presence of RFI. In addition to using stepped-frequency waveforms for RFI suppression, a number of other techniques have been investigated to suppress RFI... Of these, the notch filter and the LMS adaptive filter have been implemented and applied on real P-band data obtained from the E-SAR system of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, and on real VHF-band data obtained from the South African SAR (SASAR) system. Both methods significantly suppressed the RFI in the real images investigated. It was found that the number of range lines upon which the LMS adaptive filter could operate without adaptively changing the filter tap weights was often well above 100. This facilitated the re-writing of the LMS adaptive filter in terms of an equivalent transfer function, which was then integrated with the range-compression stage of the range-Doppler SAR processing algorithm. Since the range-compression and the interference suppression could then be performed simultaneously, large computational savings were achieved. A technique was derived for suppressing the sidelobes which arise as a result of the interference suppression of the LMS adaptive filter. This method was also integrated with the range-compression stage of the range-Doppler processor, leading to a very efficient implementation of the entire RFI suppression routine.
    Comments: +Frequency/time/IFFT processing of stepped frequencies and applications toward radio frequency interferences (RFI). 

    @PHDTHESIS{LordDissertation00:SteppedFreqAndRFI,
author = {Richard T. Lord},
title = {{Aspects of Stepped-Frequency Processing for Low-Frequency SAR Systems }},
school = {University of Cape Town},
year = {2000},
address = {Rondebosch, South Africa},
abstract = {Ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems operating in the VHF/UHF region are becoming increasingly popular because of their growing number of applications in the areas of foliage penetration radar (FOPEN) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR). The objective of this thesis is to investigate the following two aspects of low-frequency (VHF/UHF-band) SAR processing: 1. The use of stepped-frequency waveforms to increase the total radar bandwidth, thereby increasing the range resolution, and 2. Radio frequency interference (RFI) suppression. A stepped-frequency system owes its wide bandwidth to the transmission of a group of narrow-bandwidth pulses, which are then combined using a signal processing technique to achieve the wide bandwidth. Apart from providing an economically viable path for the upgrading of an existing single frequency system, stepped-frequency waveforms also offer opportunities for RFI suppression. This thesis describes three methods to process stepped-frequency waveforms, namely an IFFTmethod, a time-domainmethod and a frequency-domainmethod. Both the IFFT method and the time-domain method have been found to be unsuitable for SAR processing applications. The IFFT method produces multiple ghost targets in the high resolution range profile due to the spill-over effect of energy into consecutive coarse range bins, and the time-domain technique is computationally inefficient on account of the upsampling requirement of the narrow-bandwidth pulses prior to the frequency shift. The frequency-domain technique, however, efficiently uses all the information in the narrowband pulses to obtain high-resolution range profiles which do not contain any ghost targets, and is therefore well suited for SAR processing applications. This technique involves the reconstruction of a wider portion of the target\u2019s reflectivity spectrum by combining the individual spectra of the transmitted narrow-bandwidth pulses in the frequency domain. It is shown here how this method may be used to avoid spectral regions that are heavily contaminated with RFI, thereby alleviating the problem of receiver saturation due to RFI. Stepped-frequency waveforms also enable the A/D converter to sample the received narrow-bandwidth waveform with a larger number of bits, which increases the receiver dynamic range, thereby further alleviating the problem of receiver saturation during the presence of RFI. In addition to using stepped-frequency waveforms for RFI suppression, a number of other techniques have been investigated to suppress RFI... Of these, the notch filter and the LMS adaptive filter have been implemented and applied on real P-band data obtained from the E-SAR system of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, and on real VHF-band data obtained from the South African SAR (SASAR) system. Both methods significantly suppressed the RFI in the real images investigated. It was found that the number of range lines upon which the LMS adaptive filter could operate without adaptively changing the filter tap weights was often well above 100. This facilitated the re-writing of the LMS adaptive filter in terms of an equivalent transfer function, which was then integrated with the range-compression stage of the range-Doppler SAR processing algorithm. Since the range-compression and the interference suppression could then be performed simultaneously, large computational savings were achieved. A technique was derived for suppressing the sidelobes which arise as a result of the interference suppression of the LMS adaptive filter. This method was also integrated with the range-compression stage of the range-Doppler processor, leading to a very efficient implementation of the entire RFI suppression routine.},
comments = {+Frequency/time/IFFT processing of stepped frequencies and applications toward radio frequency interferences (RFI).},
keyword = {SAR Processing, Stepped-Frequency Processing, RFI Suppression, Low-Frequency SAR, Wideband SAR},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/LordDissertation00.pdf},
publisher = {University of Cape Town},
url = { } 
}


  2. Josef Mittermayer. Hochauflösende Verarbeitung von Radardaten mit synthetischer Apertur. PhD thesis, Universität-Gesamthochschule Siegen, 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Frequency Scaling Algorithm, Comparison of Algorithms, Range-Doppler Algorithm, Wavenumber Domain Algorithm, omega-k, Range Migration Algorithm, Polar Format Algorithm, SPECAN, Convolution Back-projection, Spotlight SAR, Stripmap SAR, ScanSAR, ESAR, Airborne SAR, Spaceborne SAR.
    Abstract: In this thesis, the novel Frequency Scaling Algorithm for efficient and accurate interpolation-free processing of Spotlight SAR data with Dechirp on Receive has been developed. An accurate analytical model of the Spotlight illumination geometry for a straight flight path of the carrier is introduced. Using this model, a valid and an illuminated target area is defined. A new analytical formulation for SAR raw data with one-dimensional Dechirp on Receive Operation is derived, which expresses the Residual Video Phase Term by a convolution with a chirp signal. Starting with this formulation, an interpolation-free range cell migration correction is developed. This range cell migration correction is called Frequency Scaling. Due to the constant target illumination start and end time in Spotlight SAR data, the SPECAN approach offers a very efficient processing in azimuth but due to the poor accuracy, it has only been used for ScanSAR and not for Spotlight data up to now. Furthermore, a SPECAN approach always requires interpolations. In the frame of this thesis, an azimuth scaling operation has been developed, which allows a highly accurate and interpolation-free processing of Spotlight data by the SPECAN approach. The combination of SPECAN approach and azimuth scaling is first applied to ScanSAR data in order to improve the Extended Chirp Scaling Algorithm. Then it is extended to Spotlight processing. Spotlight raw data with one-dimensional Dechirp on Receive have to be upsampled in azimuth before the data processing. In order to avoid this upsampling, a subaperture approach is introduced, which reduces the required azimuth sampling during the processing down to the pulse repetition frequency of the raw data. The high quality performance of the Frequency Scaling Algorithm is demonstrated by processing simulated and real raw data acquired with the E-SAR-Sensor of DLR. The phase fidelity, which is important for many applications, is proved by point target processing and by the generation of an interferogram of an E-SAR scene. As application example, a spotlight interferogram is generated from E-SAR raw data. Interesting physical properties of the Spotlight mode are demonstrated by the comparison of a Spotlight and a Stripmap interferogram, processed from the same raw data. 

    @PHDTHESIS{mittermayer:sar,
author = {Josef Mittermayer},
title = {{Hochaufl\"osende Verarbeitung von Radardaten mit synthetischer Apertur}},
school = {Universit\"at-Gesamthochschule Siegen},
year = {2000},
abstract = {In this thesis, the novel Frequency Scaling Algorithm for efficient and accurate interpolation-free processing of Spotlight SAR data with Dechirp on Receive has been developed. An accurate analytical model of the Spotlight illumination geometry for a straight flight path of the carrier is introduced. Using this model, a valid and an illuminated target area is defined. A new analytical formulation for SAR raw data with one-dimensional Dechirp on Receive Operation is derived, which expresses the Residual Video Phase Term by a convolution with a chirp signal. Starting with this formulation, an interpolation-free range cell migration correction is developed. This range cell migration correction is called Frequency Scaling. Due to the constant target illumination start and end time in Spotlight SAR data, the SPECAN approach offers a very efficient processing in azimuth but due to the poor accuracy, it has only been used for ScanSAR and not for Spotlight data up to now. Furthermore, a SPECAN approach always requires interpolations. In the frame of this thesis, an azimuth scaling operation has been developed, which allows a highly accurate and interpolation-free processing of Spotlight data by the SPECAN approach. The combination of SPECAN approach and azimuth scaling is first applied to ScanSAR data in order to improve the Extended Chirp Scaling Algorithm. Then it is extended to Spotlight processing. Spotlight raw data with one-dimensional Dechirp on Receive have to be upsampled in azimuth before the data processing. In order to avoid this upsampling, a subaperture approach is introduced, which reduces the required azimuth sampling during the processing down to the pulse repetition frequency of the raw data. The high quality performance of the Frequency Scaling Algorithm is demonstrated by processing simulated and real raw data acquired with the E-SAR-Sensor of DLR. The phase fidelity, which is important for many applications, is proved by point target processing and by the generation of an interferogram of an E-SAR scene. As application example, a spotlight interferogram is generated from E-SAR raw data. Interesting physical properties of the Spotlight mode are demonstrated by the comparison of a Spotlight and a Stripmap interferogram, processed from the same raw data.},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Frequency Scaling Algorithm, Comparison of Algorithms, Range-Doppler Algorithm, Wavenumber Domain Algorithm, omega-k, Range Migration Algorithm, Polar Format Algorithm, SPECAN, Convolution Back-projection, Spotlight SAR, Stripmap SAR, ScanSAR, ESAR, Airborne SAR, Spaceborne SAR},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/mittermayer_phd.pdf},
url = {http://www.ub.uni-siegen.de/pub/diss/fb12/2000/mittermayer/mittermayer.pdf} 
}


Articles in journal or book chapters

  1. Marc Bara, Rolf Scheiber, Antoni Broquetas, and Alberto Moreira. Interferometric SAR signal analysis in the presence of squint. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 38(5):2164-2178, September 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, InSAR, Interferometry, SAR Interferometry, Airborne SAR, Phase Ramp, Impulse Response Function, IRF Analysis, Phase Plots, E-SAR, geophysical techniques, radar imaging, remote sensing by radar, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping, topography (Earth), geophysical measurement technique, high squint angle, impulse response function, interferometric SAR, land surface, misregistration, phase bias, phase ramp, radar imaging, radar remote sensing, squint, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping, topography.
    Abstract: This paper develops an analysis of the SAR impulse response function from the interferometric point of view, with the intention of studying its phase behavior in the presence of high squint angle values. It will be pointed out that in this case, a phase ramp is present in the range direction, which, in combination with a certain degree of misregistration between the two images induces an offset in the generated interferometric phase. This behavior, if not compensated, imposes strong limits on the performance of the interferometric techniques in a squinted case, especially for airborne SAR systems. The article proposes two new techniques, which are appropriate to correct the phase bias coming from this source. The first one is based on a modification of the azimuth compression filter, which cancels the phase ramp of the range impulse response function for one specific squint value. In case the SAR processing is performed with variable squint over range, the authors propose a second method oriented to estimating the expected misregistration and thus, the phase bias by means of an iterative approach. Simulated data as well as real corner reflector responses are used to show that the correct topography can be recovered precisely even in the presence of phase bias coming from the squinted geometry. 

    @ARTICLE{baraScheiberBroquetasMoreira2000:InSARSquinted,
author = {Bara, Marc and Scheiber, Rolf and Broquetas, Antoni and Moreira, Alberto},
title = {{Interferometric SAR signal analysis in the presence of squint}},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing},
year = {2000},
volume = {38},
pages = {2164-2178},
number = {5},
month = {Sep},
abstract = {This paper develops an analysis of the SAR impulse response function from the interferometric point of view, with the intention of studying its phase behavior in the presence of high squint angle values. It will be pointed out that in this case, a phase ramp is present in the range direction, which, in combination with a certain degree of misregistration between the two images induces an offset in the generated interferometric phase. This behavior, if not compensated, imposes strong limits on the performance of the interferometric techniques in a squinted case, especially for airborne SAR systems. The article proposes two new techniques, which are appropriate to correct the phase bias coming from this source. The first one is based on a modification of the azimuth compression filter, which cancels the phase ramp of the range impulse response function for one specific squint value. In case the SAR processing is performed with variable squint over range, the authors propose a second method oriented to estimating the expected misregistration and thus, the phase bias by means of an iterative approach. Simulated data as well as real corner reflector responses are used to show that the correct topography can be recovered precisely even in the presence of phase bias coming from the squinted geometry.},
doi = {10.1109/36.868875},
issn = {0196-2892},
keywords = {SAR Processing, InSAR, Interferometry, SAR Interferometry, Airborne SAR , Phase Ramp, Impulse Response Function, IRF Analysis, Phase Plots, E-SAR, geophysical techniques, radar imaging, remote sensing by radar, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping, topography (Earth), geophysical measurement technique, high squint angle, impulse response function, interferometric SAR, land surface, misregistration, phase bias, phase ramp, radar imaging, radar remote sensing, squint, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping, topography},
owner = {ofrey},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/baraScheiberBroquetasMoreira2000.pdf},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=868875&isnumber=18811} 
}


  2. Marina Dragosevic and Burkhard Plache. Doppler Tracker for a Spaceborne ScanSAR System. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 36(3):907-924, 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Doppler Centroid, Doppler Centroid Estimation, Clutterlock, Doppler Tracker, Attitude Angles, Doppler Ambiguity Resolver, DAR, Satellite SAR.
    Abstract: This paper presents a methodology for tracking the Doppler parameters in long swaths of ScanSAR signals. The approach is entirely developed around the physical model of the Doppler effect, parameterized in terms of the spacecraft attitude angles. A new, combined algorithm is designed to estimate yaw and pitch and resolve the PRF (pulse repetition frequency) ambiguity using all available, current, and past, return samples. It is shown that the variance of the Doppler centroid (DC) estimates can be brought down to the low single-digit Hz level with computationally simple estimation algorithms 

    @ARTICLE{dragosevic00:DopCentrEst,
author = {Marina Dragosevic and Burkhard Plache},
title = {{Doppler Tracker for a Spaceborne ScanSAR System}},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems},
year = {2000},
volume = {36},
pages = {907-924},
number = {3},
abstract = {This paper presents a methodology for tracking the Doppler parameters in long swaths of ScanSAR signals. The approach is entirely developed around the physical model of the Doppler effect, parameterized in terms of the spacecraft attitude angles. A new, combined algorithm is designed to estimate yaw and pitch and resolve the PRF (pulse repetition frequency) ambiguity using all available, current, and past, return samples. It is shown that the variance of the Doppler centroid (DC) estimates can be brought down to the low single-digit Hz level with computationally simple estimation algorithms},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Doppler Centroid, Doppler Centroid Estimation, Clutterlock, Doppler Tracker, Attitude Angles, Doppler Ambiguity Resolver, DAR, Satellite SAR},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/dragosevic00.pdf},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7/18840/00869510.pdf} 
}


  3. Jong-Sen Lee, D.L. Schuler, and T.L. Ainsworth. Polarimetric SAR data compensation for terrain azimuth slope. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 38(5):2153--2163, 2000.
    Keywords: geophysical techniques, radar imaging, radar polarimetry, remote sensing by radar, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping, POLSAR, azimuth slope variation, data compensation, effective scattering pixel area, geophysical measurement technique, land surface, polarimetric SAR, polarization, radar cross section, radar imaging, radar polarimetry, radar remote sensing, radiometric slope correction, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping.
    Abstract: This paper addresses the problem of polarimetric SAR (POLSAR) data 

    @ARTICLE{LeeSchulerAinsworth00:PolSARTerrainSlope,
author = {Lee, Jong-Sen and Schuler, D.L. and Ainsworth, T.L.},
title = {{Polarimetric SAR data compensation for terrain azimuth slope}},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing},
year = {2000},
volume = {38},
pages = {2153--2163},
number = {5},
abstract = {This paper addresses the problem of polarimetric SAR (POLSAR) data},
keywords = {geophysical techniques, radar imaging, radar polarimetry, remote sensing by radar, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping, POLSAR, azimuth slope variation, data compensation, effective scattering pixel area, geophysical measurement technique, land surface, polarimetric SAR, polarization, radar cross section, radar imaging, radar polarimetry, radar remote sensing, radiometric slope correction, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping},
owner = {ofrey},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/LeeSchulerAinsworth00.pdf} 
}


  4. Juan M. Lopez-Sanchez and Joaquim Fortuny-Guasch. 3-D Radar Imaging Using Range Migration Techniques. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 48(5):728-737, May 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Near Field, Radar Imaging, Range Migration Algorithm, Wavenumber Domain Algorithm, omega-k, 3D imaging algorithm, Stationary Phase Method.
    Abstract: An imaging system with three-dimensional (3-D) capability can be implemented by using a stepped frequency radar which synthesizes a two-dimensional (2-D) planar aperture. A 3-D image can be formed by coherently integrating the backscatter data over the measured frequency band and the two spatial coordinates of the 2-D synthetic aperture. This paper presents a near-field 3-D synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging algorithm. This algorithm is an extension of the 2-D range migration algorithm (RMA). The presented formulation is justified by using the method of the stationary phase (MSP). Implementation aspects including the sampling criteria, resolutions, and computational complexity are assessed. The high computational efficiency and accurate image reconstruction of the algorithm are demonstrated both with numerical simulations and measurements using an outdoor linear SAR system. 

    @ARTICLE{lopez00:statphase,
author = {Juan M. Lopez-Sanchez and Joaquim Fortuny-Guasch},
title = {{3-D Radar Imaging Using Range Migration Techniques}},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation},
year = {2000},
volume = {48},
pages = {728-737},
number = {5},
month = May,
abstract = {An imaging system with three-dimensional (3-D) capability can be implemented by using a stepped frequency radar which synthesizes a two-dimensional (2-D) planar aperture. A 3-D image can be formed by coherently integrating the backscatter data over the measured frequency band and the two spatial coordinates of the 2-D synthetic aperture. This paper presents a near-field 3-D synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging algorithm. This algorithm is an extension of the 2-D range migration algorithm (RMA). The presented formulation is justified by using the method of the stationary phase (MSP). Implementation aspects including the sampling criteria, resolutions, and computational complexity are assessed. The high computational efficiency and accurate image reconstruction of the algorithm are demonstrated both with numerical simulations and measurements using an outdoor linear SAR system.},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Near Field, Radar Imaging, Range Migration Algorithm, Wavenumber Domain Algorithm, omega-k, 3D imaging algorithm, Stationary Phase Method},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/lopez00.pdf},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/8/18576/00855491.pdf} 
}


  5. Richard Rau and James H. McClellan. Analytic Models and Postprocessing Techniques for UWB SAR. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 36(4):1058-1074, October 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Backprojection, Ultra-Wideband SAR.
    Abstract: The latest generation of fully polarimetric, ultra wideband (UWB), wide angle, low frequency, foliage and ground-penetrating synthetic aperture radars (SARs) record huge amounts of data that must be processed to focus high quality images. At the same time only a few small subimages contain important information. We investigate the relationship between the focused image and the reflectivity profile and show that a linear shift-invariant model adequately represents the overall process when the focusing is done with a backprojection algorithm over a constant integration angle. The derived signal model can be used to replace many computationally expensive processing techniques, previously performed on the raw data, with equivalent postprocessing algorithms which can be applied selectively to subimages. 

    @ARTICLE{RauMcClellan00:UWB,
author = {Richard Rau and James H. McClellan},
title = {{Analytic Models and Postprocessing Techniques for UWB SAR}},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems},
year = {2000},
volume = {36},
pages = {1058-1074},
number = {4},
month = Oct,
abstract = {The latest generation of fully polarimetric, ultra wideband (UWB), wide angle, low frequency, foliage and ground-penetrating synthetic aperture radars (SARs) record huge amounts of data that must be processed to focus high quality images. At the same time only a few small subimages contain important information. We investigate the relationship between the focused image and the reflectivity profile and show that a linear shift-invariant model adequately represents the overall process when the focusing is done with a backprojection algorithm over a constant integration angle. The derived signal model can be used to replace many computationally expensive processing techniques, previously performed on the raw data, with equivalent postprocessing algorithms which can be applied selectively to subimages.},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Backprojection, Ultra-Wideband SAR},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/rauMcClellan00.pdf} 
}


  6. A. Reigber and A. Moreira. First Demonstration of Airborne SAR Tomography Using Multibaseline L-Band Data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 38(5):2142--2152, 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, airborne radar, geophysical techniques, radar imaging, radar polarimetry, remote sensing by radar, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping, topography (Earth), InSAR, L-Band, SAR interferometry, SAR Tomography, Tomography, UHF, airborne radar, aperture synthesis, geophysical measurement technique, height ambiguity, land surface, multibaseline imaging geometry, multibaseline method, phase difference, radar imaging, radar polarimetry, radar remote sensing, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping, tomographic imaging, topography, undersampled spatial distribution, ESAR.
    Abstract: In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry, the phase differences between two different sensor positions are used to estimate the terrain topography. Although it is possible in this way to find a three-dimensional (3D) surface representation, the distribution of the different scatterers in the height direction at a fixed range and azimuth position remains unknown. Contrary to this, tomographic techniques enable a real geometric resolution capability in the height direction and introduce new possibilities for many applications and inversion problems. Even misinterpretations in SAR images caused by layover and foreshortening effects can be solved by the tomographic processing. In this paper, the successful experimental realization of polarimetric airborne SAR tomography is demonstrated for the first time. The authors present the concept of aperture synthesis for tomographic imaging for the case of a multibaseline imaging geometry and discuss the constraints arising from the limited number of flight tracks. They propose a method for reduction of the height ambiguities associated to the irregular and undersampled spatial distribution of the imaging positions. Finally, they address the experimental requirements for polarimetric airborne SAR tomography and show experimental results using a multibaseline data set acquired in L-band by DLR's experimental SAR (E-SAR) of a test-site near Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. 

    @ARTICLE{reigberMoreira00:TomoLBand,
author = {Reigber, A. and Moreira, A.},
title = {{First Demonstration of Airborne SAR Tomography Using Multibaseline L-Band Data}},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing},
year = {2000},
volume = {38},
pages = {2142--2152},
number = {5},
abstract = {In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry, the phase differences between two different sensor positions are used to estimate the terrain topography. Although it is possible in this way to find a three-dimensional (3D) surface representation, the distribution of the different scatterers in the height direction at a fixed range and azimuth position remains unknown. Contrary to this, tomographic techniques enable a real geometric resolution capability in the height direction and introduce new possibilities for many applications and inversion problems. Even misinterpretations in SAR images caused by layover and foreshortening effects can be solved by the tomographic processing. In this paper, the successful experimental realization of polarimetric airborne SAR tomography is demonstrated for the first time. The authors present the concept of aperture synthesis for tomographic imaging for the case of a multibaseline imaging geometry and discuss the constraints arising from the limited number of flight tracks. They propose a method for reduction of the height ambiguities associated to the irregular and undersampled spatial distribution of the imaging positions. Finally, they address the experimental requirements for polarimetric airborne SAR tomography and show experimental results using a multibaseline data set acquired in L-band by DLR's experimental SAR (E-SAR) of a test-site near Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany.},
keywords = {SAR Processing, airborne radar, geophysical techniques, radar imaging, radar polarimetry, remote sensing by radar, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping, topography (Earth), InSAR, L-Band, SAR interferometry, SAR Tomography, Tomography, UHF, airborne radar, aperture synthesis, geophysical measurement technique, height ambiguity, land surface, multibaseline imaging geometry, multibaseline method, phase difference, radar imaging, radar polarimetry, radar remote sensing, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping, tomographic imaging, topography, undersampled spatial distribution, ESAR},
owner = {ofrey},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/reigberMoreira00.pdf},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/36/18811/00868873.pdf} 
}


  7. Rolf Scheiber and Alberto Moreira. Coregistration of interferometric SAR images using spectral diversity. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 38(5):2179-2191, September 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Spectral Diversity, Coregistration, Image Coregistration, InSAR, SAR Interferometry, Airborne SAR, Spaceborne SAR, geophysical signal processing, geophysical techniques, image registration, radar imaging, remote sensing by radar, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mappingInSAR, complex SAR signal, geophysical measurement technique, image registration, land surface, radar imaging, radar remote sensing, relative misregistration, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping.
    Abstract: This article presents a technique for the determination of the relative misregistration between two interferometric SAR images. The proposed technique is based on the spectral properties of the complex SAR signal. Unlike conventional coregistration methods, the proposed technique does not need any interpolation nor cross-correlation procedures and also no coherence or fringe optimization must be performed. Instead, the phase information of different spectral looks is evaluated giving misregistration information on a pixel by pixel basis. The proposed technique is at least as accurate as the conventional algorithms and its implementation is very simple. Airborne repeat-pass interferometric data and simulated ScanSAR data are used to illustrate the operation of the proposed technique 

    @ARTICLE{scheiberMoreira2000:InSARCoregistrationSpectralDiversity,
author = {Scheiber, Rolf and Moreira, Alberto},
title = {{Coregistration of interferometric SAR images using spectral diversity}},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing},
year = {2000},
volume = {38},
pages = {2179-2191},
number = {5},
month = {sep},
abstract = {This article presents a technique for the determination of the relative misregistration between two interferometric SAR images. The proposed technique is based on the spectral properties of the complex SAR signal. Unlike conventional coregistration methods, the proposed technique does not need any interpolation nor cross-correlation procedures and also no coherence or fringe optimization must be performed. Instead, the phase information of different spectral looks is evaluated giving misregistration information on a pixel by pixel basis. The proposed technique is at least as accurate as the conventional algorithms and its implementation is very simple. Airborne repeat-pass interferometric data and simulated ScanSAR data are used to illustrate the operation of the proposed technique},
doi = {10.1109/36.868876},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Spectral Diversity, Coregistration, Image Coregistration, InSAR, SAR Interferometry, Airborne SAR, Spaceborne SAR, geophysical signal processing, geophysical techniques, image registration, radar imaging, remote sensing by radar, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mappingInSAR, complex SAR signal, geophysical measurement technique, image registration, land surface, radar imaging, radar remote sensing, relative misregistration, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping},
owner = {ofrey},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/scheiberMoreira2000.pdf},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=868876&isnumber=18811} 
}


  8. Robert N. Treuhaft and Paul R. Siqueira. Vertical structure of vegetated land surfaces from interferometric and polarimetric radar. Radio Science, 35:141-178, 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, InSAR, Interferometry, Pol-InSAR, Multi-Baseline SAR, Vegetation Parameters, Parameter Extraction, Topography, SAR Tomography.
    Abstract: This paper describes the estimation of parameters characterizing the vertical structure of vegetated land surfaces, from combined interferometric and polarimetric radar data. Physical models expressing radar observations in terms of parameters describing vegetated land surfaces are the foundation for parameter estimation techniques. Defining a general complex cross correlation enables the unified development of models for interferometry and polarimetry, including polarimetric interferometry. Three simple physical models in this paper express this complex cross correlation in terms of vegetation parameters: (1) a randomly oriented volume, (2) a randomly oriented volume with a ground return, and (3) an oriented volume. For the first two models the parameters include vegetation height, extinction coefficient, underlying topography, and another parameter depending on ground electrical properties and roughness. For the oriented volume, additional parameters depend on the refractivity, extinction coefficients, and backscattering characteristics of waves propagating along eigenpolarizations of the vegetation volume. The above models show that the interferometric cross-correlation amplitude and the polarimetric {HHHH/VVVV} ratio both change by about 1 0xffcd5138er meter of vegetation height change, for experimental conditions typical of airborne and spaceborne interferometric radars. These vertical-structure sensitivities prompt a parameter estimation demonstration with two-baseline TOPSAR interferometric and zero-baseline polarimetric data from the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Southern Study Area in Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan, Canada. The demonstrations show the feasibility of measuring vegetation height to better than 4.2 m, underlying topography to better than 6.5 m, and the ratio of ground-to-volume power to better than 10%, using interferometry and polarimetry, coupled with parameter-constraining assumptions, concerning the degree of surface roughness. This paper suggests that single-baseline and multibaseline fully polarimetric interferometry have the potential to obviate the need for such assumptions, thereby making parameter estimation more robust, accurate, and realistic. 

    @ARTICLE{treuhaftSiqueira2000:InSARVegetation,
author = {{Treuhaft}, Robert N. and {Siqueira}, Paul R.},
title = {{Vertical structure of vegetated land surfaces from interferometric and polarimetric radar}},
journal = {Radio Science},
year = {2000},
volume = {35},
pages = {141-178},
abstract = {This paper describes the estimation of parameters characterizing the vertical structure of vegetated land surfaces, from combined interferometric and polarimetric radar data. Physical models expressing radar observations in terms of parameters describing vegetated land surfaces are the foundation for parameter estimation techniques. Defining a general complex cross correlation enables the unified development of models for interferometry and polarimetry, including polarimetric interferometry. Three simple physical models in this paper express this complex cross correlation in terms of vegetation parameters: (1) a randomly oriented volume, (2) a randomly oriented volume with a ground return, and (3) an oriented volume. For the first two models the parameters include vegetation height, extinction coefficient, underlying topography, and another parameter depending on ground electrical properties and roughness. For the oriented volume, additional parameters depend on the refractivity, extinction coefficients, and backscattering characteristics of waves propagating along eigenpolarizations of the vegetation volume. The above models show that the interferometric cross-correlation amplitude and the polarimetric {HHHH/VVVV} ratio both change by about 1 0xffcd5138er meter of vegetation height change, for experimental conditions typical of airborne and spaceborne interferometric radars. These vertical-structure sensitivities prompt a parameter estimation demonstration with two-baseline TOPSAR interferometric and zero-baseline polarimetric data from the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Southern Study Area in Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan, Canada. The demonstrations show the feasibility of measuring vegetation height to better than 4.2 m, underlying topography to better than 6.5 m, and the ratio of ground-to-volume power to better than 10%, using interferometry and polarimetry, coupled with parameter-constraining assumptions, concerning the degree of surface roughness. This paper suggests that single-baseline and multibaseline fully polarimetric interferometry have the potential to obviate the need for such assumptions, thereby making parameter estimation more robust, accurate, and realistic.},
keywords = {SAR Processing, InSAR, Interferometry, Pol-InSAR, Multi-Baseline SAR, Vegetation Parameters, Parameter Extraction, Topography, SAR Tomography},
owner = {ofrey},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/treuhaftSiqueira2000.pdf} 
}


  9. C. Wimmer, R. Siegmund, M. Schwabisch, and João Moreira. Generation of high precision DEMs of the Wadden Sea with airborneinterferometric SAR. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, 38(5):2234--2245, 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, InSAR, Interferometry, airborne radar, bathymetry, geodesy, geophysical techniques, oceanographic regions, remote sensing by radar, seafloor phenomena, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping, topography (Earth), AeS-1, Bremerhaven, DEM, German Bight, Germany, InSAR, North Sea, Wadden Sea, airborne interferometric radar, airborne radar, coast, digital elevation model, geophysical measurement technique, interferometric SAR, intertidal zone, land surface topography, ocean, radar remote sensing, seafloor, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping, verification, Airborne SAR, Doppler Centroid Estimation.
    Abstract: This paper describes how high-precision digital elevation models(DEMs) are obtained over the Wadden Sea using the AeS-1 airborneinterferometric radar. The Wadden Sea is an intertidal zone along thecoast having height variations less than 5 m over 30 km and is free ofvegetation. The resulting DEM has a grid spacing of 2.5 m and anabsolute height accuracy of 5 cm root mean square (rms), as verified bytheodolite measurements. This paper describes the radar system, theprocessing techniques, the test area, the results, and the verificationprocedure 

    @ARTICLE{wimmerSiegmundSchwaebischMoreira2000:DEMGen,
author = {Wimmer, C. and Siegmund, R. and Schwabisch, M. and Moreira, Jo{\~a}o},
title = {Generation of high precision DEMs of the Wadden Sea with airborneinterferometric SAR},
journal = {Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on},
year = {2000},
volume = {38},
pages = {2234--2245},
number = {5},
abstract = {This paper describes how high-precision digital elevation models(DEMs) are obtained over the Wadden Sea using the AeS-1 airborneinterferometric radar. The Wadden Sea is an intertidal zone along thecoast having height variations less than 5 m over 30 km and is free ofvegetation. The resulting DEM has a grid spacing of 2.5 m and anabsolute height accuracy of 5 cm root mean square (rms), as verified bytheodolite measurements. This paper describes the radar system, theprocessing techniques, the test area, the results, and the verificationprocedure},
issn = {0196-2892},
keywords = {SAR Processing, InSAR, Interferometry, airborne radar, bathymetry, geodesy, geophysical techniques, oceanographic regions, remote sensing by radar, seafloor phenomena, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping, topography (Earth), AeS-1, Bremerhaven, DEM, German Bight, Germany, InSAR, North Sea, Wadden Sea, airborne interferometric radar, airborne radar, coast, digital elevation model, geophysical measurement technique, interferometric SAR, intertidal zone, land surface topography, ocean, radar remote sensing, seafloor, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping, verification, Airborne SAR, Doppler Centroid Estimation},
owner = {ofrey},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/wimmerSiegmundSchwaebischMoreira2000.pdf},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/36/18811/00868881.pdf} 
}


Conference articles

  1. M. Bara, A. Broquetas, and J. Closa. Precise geometry simulation of interferometric SAR signal for air and spaceborne sensors. In Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2000. Proceedings. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International, volume 2, pages 746--748vol.2, 24-28 July 2000. 
    @INPROCEEDINGS{Bara2000,
author = {Bara, M. and Broquetas, A. and Closa, J.},
title = {Precise geometry simulation of interferometric SAR signal for air and spaceborne sensors},
booktitle = {Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2000. Proceedings. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International},
year = {2000},
volume = {2},
pages = {746--748vol.2},
month = {24-28 July},
doi = {10.1109/IGARSS.2000.861690},
owner = {ofrey},
timestamp = {2009.03.05} 
}


  2. D. G. Falconer. Radar imaging using statistical orthogonality. In E. G. Zelnio, editor, Proc. SPIE Vol. 4053, p. 10-19, Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery VII, Edmund G. Zelnio; Ed., volume 4053 of Presented at the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference, pages 10-19, August 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Non-Linear Flight Path, SAR Tomography, Curvilinear SAR. 
    @INPROCEEDINGS{falconer2000:NonLinearSAR,
author = {Falconer, D.~G.},
title = {{Radar imaging using statistical orthogonality}},
booktitle = {Proc. SPIE Vol. 4053, p. 10-19, Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery VII, Edmund G. Zelnio; Ed.},
year = {2000},
editor = {{Zelnio}, E.~G.},
volume = {4053},
series = {Presented at the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference},
pages = {10-19},
month = aug,
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000SPIE.4053...10F},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Non-Linear Flight Path, SAR Tomography, Curvilinear SAR} 
}


  3. Guoyongmei, Chenhao, Hongwen, and Maoshiyi. Resample in the first order motion compensation of real-time SAR processor. In 5th International Conference on Signal Processing Proceedings, 2000. WCCC-ICSP 2000, volume 3, pages 1830--1833, 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processsing, Airborne SAR, Motion Compensation, MoComp, airborne radar, error compensation, image sampling, motion compensation, radar imaging, real-time systems, synthetic aperture radarSAR image, airborne radar, azimuth focus, first order motion compensation, image defocus, image distortion, motion error model, phase errors, real-time SAR processor, resample problem, signal amplitude, synthetic aperture radar.
    Abstract: The resample problem in the first order motion compensation of real-time SAR processor is presented. The motion error model is properly established, and the simulation shows that the formation of the motion error with liner or second phase term gives rise to the image defocus and distortion. The magnitude of motion error poses changes in the range gate drift. When the motion error exceeds a range bin during synthetic time, resample should be taken into consideration; the resample inaccuracy within one bin does not have impact on azimuth focus, but the signal amplitude, so resample is necessary and important in motion compensation 

    @INPROCEEDINGS{guoyongmeiChenhaoHongwenMaoshiyi2000:MoComp,
author = {Guoyongmei and Chenhao and Hongwen and Maoshiyi},
title = {{{Resample in the first order motion compensation of real-time SAR processor}}},
booktitle = {5th International Conference on Signal Processing Proceedings, 2000. WCCC-ICSP 2000},
year = {2000},
volume = {3},
pages = {1830--1833},
abstract = {The resample problem in the first order motion compensation of real-time SAR processor is presented. The motion error model is properly established, and the simulation shows that the formation of the motion error with liner or second phase term gives rise to the image defocus and distortion. The magnitude of motion error poses changes in the range gate drift. When the motion error exceeds a range bin during synthetic time, resample should be taken into consideration; the resample inaccuracy within one bin does not have impact on azimuth focus, but the signal amplitude, so resample is necessary and important in motion compensation},
doi = {10.1109/ICOSP.2000.893458},
keywords = {SAR Processsing, Airborne SAR, Motion Compensation, MoComp, airborne radar, error compensation, image sampling, motion compensation, radar imaging, real-time systems, synthetic aperture radarSAR image, airborne radar, azimuth focus, first order motion compensation, image defocus, image distortion, motion error model, phase errors, real-time SAR processor, resample problem, signal amplitude, synthetic aperture radar},
owner = {ofrey},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/guoyongmeiChenhaoHongwenMaoshiyi2000.pdf},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=893458&isnumber=19317} 
}


  4. Lance M. Kaplan, Seung-Mok Oh, Matthew C. Cobb, and James H. McClellan. Error Analysis for Quadtree Image Formation. In International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP 2000, volume 1, pages 717-720, Sept 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Backprojection, Quadtree Processing, Error Analysis, Ultra-Wideband SAR.
    Abstract: The quadtree image formation technique is a computationally efficient approximation to standard backprojection. Where the computational load of backprojection is O(N^3) for N sensors forming an N?N image, the quadtree method uses a divide-and-conquer strategy similar to the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to reduce the computational load down to O(N^2*log(N)). However, the quadtree introduces errors in the relative time shifts used to focus pulses. These errors reduce the signal gain in the mainlobe response for isotropic point-like targets. In addition, the oscillations of the sidelobes increase from stage to stage. This paper develops performance bounds for the mainlobe losses under far field conditions and relates these bounds to the slow-time Nyquist rate 

    @INPROCEEDINGS{kaplanEtAllErrorAnaly00:Backproj,
author = {Lance M. Kaplan and Seung-Mok Oh and Matthew C. Cobb and James H. McClellan},
title = {{Error Analysis for Quadtree Image Formation}},
booktitle = {International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP 2000},
year = {2000},
volume = {1},
pages = {717-720},
month = Sept,
abstract = {The quadtree image formation technique is a computationally efficient approximation to standard backprojection. Where the computational load of backprojection is O(N^3) for N sensors forming an N?N image, the quadtree method uses a divide-and-conquer strategy similar to the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to reduce the computational load down to O(N^2*log(N)). However, the quadtree introduces errors in the relative time shifts used to focus pulses. These errors reduce the signal gain in the mainlobe response for isotropic point-like targets. In addition, the oscillations of the sidelobes increase from stage to stage. This paper develops performance bounds for the mainlobe losses under far field conditions and relates these bounds to the slow-time Nyquist rate},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Backprojection, Quadtree Processing, Error Analysis, Ultra-Wideband SAR},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/kaplanEtAllErrorAnalysis00.pdf} 
}


  5. Lance M. Kaplan, Seung-Mok Oh, and James H. McClellan. Detection of Broadside Targets During Image Formation Using a Quadtree Approach. In The Record of the 2000 IEEE Radar Conference, pages 104-109, May 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Backprojection, Quadtree Processing, Ultra-Wideband SAR, Boom-SAR, Multiscale Detection.
    Abstract: The military is interested in using ultra-wideband (UWB) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems to detect ground targets. Standard automatic target detection methods search the entire scene for regions of interest (ROI) after image formation. In order to save computations, we introduce a multiscale detection algorithm that uses partially processed radar data during the intermediate stages of a quadtree-based backprojection image formation algorithm. When the detector accrues enough information to determine that a patch of ground is free of potential targets, it then cues the image former to terminate the processing that would further resolve that patch. The detector combines a feature that estimates the coherent signal to noise ratio with another feature that exploits the broadside flash scattering phenomenon. The new approach is evaluated over a measured database generated by the ARL Boom-SAR radar. 

    @INPROCEEDINGS{kaplanEtAllDet00:Backproj,
author = {Lance M. Kaplan and Seung-Mok Oh and James H. McClellan},
title = {{Detection of Broadside Targets During Image Formation Using a Quadtree Approach}},
booktitle = {The Record of the 2000 IEEE Radar Conference},
year = {2000},
pages = {104-109},
month = May,
abstract = {The military is interested in using ultra-wideband (UWB) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems to detect ground targets. Standard automatic target detection methods search the entire scene for regions of interest (ROI) after image formation. In order to save computations, we introduce a multiscale detection algorithm that uses partially processed radar data during the intermediate stages of a quadtree-based backprojection image formation algorithm. When the detector accrues enough information to determine that a patch of ground is free of potential targets, it then cues the image former to terminate the processing that would further resolve that patch. The detector combines a feature that estimates the coherent signal to noise ratio with another feature that exploits the broadside flash scattering phenomenon. The new approach is evaluated over a measured database generated by the ARL Boom-SAR radar.},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Backprojection, Quadtree Processing, Ultra-Wideband SAR, Boom-SAR, Multiscale Detection},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/kaplanEtAllDet00.pdf} 
}


  6. Yunjin Kim and Jakob van Zyl. Overview of Polarimetric Interferometry. In Aerospace Conference Proceedings, 2000 IEEE, volume 3, pages 231--236, 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, radar polarimetry, radiowave interferometry, synthetic aperture radar, SAR interferometry, InSAR, SAR polarimetric interferometry, SAR polarimetry, synthetic aperture radar, Pol-InSAR.
    Abstract: SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) interferometry has enabled twoimportant science applications: surface change detection and topographicmapping. SAR interferometry is sensitive to the location of the imagedarea and the scattering geometry. SAR polarimetry makes use of thepolarization dependent scattering response of each pixel within theimaged area. The polarimetric response is highly sensitive to thescattering mechanism of a pixel. S.R. Cloude and K.P. Papathanassioufirst published the formulation of polarimetric interferometry thatcombines both SAR interferometry and SAR polarimetry. The main purposeof using polarimetric interferometry is to extract scattering mediuminformation that may be difficult to obtain from scalar interferometry.Even though the formulation and initial demonstrations appear to be verypromising, potential applications of polarimetric interferometry canonly be verified by comparing polarimetric interferometry signatureswith ground truth data. In this talk, we present the theory andimplementation of SAR polarimetric interferometry. Especially, we reviewSAR polarimetry, SAR interferometry, and SAR polarimetric interferometryin a unified manner. In addition, a new calibration technique suitablefor polarimetric interferometry is suggested in this paper 

    @INPROCEEDINGS{vanZylKim00:Polarimetry,
author = {Kim, Yunjin and van Zyl, Jakob},
title = {Overview of Polarimetric Interferometry},
booktitle = {Aerospace Conference Proceedings, 2000 IEEE},
year = {2000},
volume = {3},
pages = {231--236},
abstract = {SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) interferometry has enabled twoimportant science applications: surface change detection and topographicmapping. SAR interferometry is sensitive to the location of the imagedarea and the scattering geometry. SAR polarimetry makes use of thepolarization dependent scattering response of each pixel within theimaged area. The polarimetric response is highly sensitive to thescattering mechanism of a pixel. S.R. Cloude and K.P. Papathanassioufirst published the formulation of polarimetric interferometry thatcombines both SAR interferometry and SAR polarimetry. The main purposeof using polarimetric interferometry is to extract scattering mediuminformation that may be difficult to obtain from scalar interferometry.Even though the formulation and initial demonstrations appear to be verypromising, potential applications of polarimetric interferometry canonly be verified by comparing polarimetric interferometry signatureswith ground truth data. In this talk, we present the theory andimplementation of SAR polarimetric interferometry. Especially, we reviewSAR polarimetry, SAR interferometry, and SAR polarimetric interferometryin a unified manner. In addition, a new calibration technique suitablefor polarimetric interferometry is suggested in this paper},
keywords = {SAR Processing, radar polarimetry, radiowave interferometry, synthetic aperture radar, SAR interferometry, InSAR, SAR polarimetric interferometry, SAR polarimetry, synthetic aperture radar, Pol-InSAR},
owner = {ofrey},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/vanZylKim00.pdf},
timestamp = {2006.03.24},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7042/19038/00879850.pdf} 
}


  7. J.M. Lopez-Sanchez, J. Fortuny, A.J. Sieber, L. Sagues, M. Bara, X. Fabregas, and A. Broquetas. Experimental comparison of different scattering mechanism selections for vegetation height retrieval by POLINT. In Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2000. Proceedings. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International, volume 1, pages 138--140vol.1, 24-28 July 2000. 
    @INPROCEEDINGS{Lopez-Sanchez2000,
author = {Lopez-Sanchez, J.M. and Fortuny, J. and Sieber, A.J. and Sagues, L. and Bara, M. and Fabregas, X. and Broquetas, A.},
title = {Experimental comparison of different scattering mechanism selections for vegetation height retrieval by POLINT},
booktitle = {Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2000. Proceedings. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International},
year = {2000},
volume = {1},
pages = {138--140vol.1},
month = {24-28 July},
doi = {10.1109/IGARSS.2000.860447},
owner = {ofrey},
timestamp = {2009.03.05} 
}


  8. J.J. Mallorqui, M. Bara, and A. Broquetas. Sensitivity equations and calibration requirements on airborne interferometry. In Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2000. Proceedings. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International, volume 6, pages 2739--2741vol.6, 24-28 July 2000. 
    @INPROCEEDINGS{Mallorqui2000,
author = {Mallorqui, J.J. and Bara, M. and Broquetas, A.},
title = {Sensitivity equations and calibration requirements on airborne interferometry},
booktitle = {Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2000. Proceedings. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International},
year = {2000},
volume = {6},
pages = {2739--2741vol.6},
month = {24-28 July},
doi = {10.1109/IGARSS.2000.859699},
owner = {ofrey},
timestamp = {2009.03.05} 
}


  9. David Small, Stefan Biegger, and Daniel Nüesch. The Topology of SAR Imagery in Rough Terrain. In Proc. of EUSAR 2000 - 3rd European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, SAR, Calibration, Terrain, DEM, Image Simulation, Terrain-Geocoding, Topology, Heteromorphism. 
    @INPROCEEDINGS{smallBieggerNueschEUSAR2000:ImgRoughTerrain,
author = {David Small and Stefan Biegger and Daniel N{\"u}esch},
title = {The Topology of SAR Imagery in Rough Terrain},
booktitle = {Proc. of EUSAR 2000 - 3rd European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar},
year = {2000},
keywords = {SAR Processing, SAR, Calibration, Terrain, DEM, Image Simulation, Terrain-Geocoding, Topology, Heteromorphism},
owner = {ofrey},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/smallBieggerNueeschEUSAR2000.pdf},
timestamp = {2006.03.27} 
}


  10. Mehrdad Soumekh, Gernot Gunther, Mark Linderman, and Ralph Kohler. Digitally-Spotlighted Subaperture SAR Image Formation Using High Performance Computing. In Edmund G. Zelnio, editor, Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery VII, volume SPIE # 4053, pages 260-271, 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Wavefront Reconstruction, Wavenumber Domain Algorithm, omega-k, RFI Suppression, Subaperture Processing, Parallel Processing, Digital Spotlighting, Slow-Time Upsampling, Alias-free Processing, Real-Time Processing, High Performance Computing, FFTW.
    Abstract: This paper is concerned with the implementation of the SAR wavefront reconstruction algorithm on a high performance computer. For this purpose, the imaging algorithm is reformulated as a coherent processing (spectral combination) of images that are formed from a set of subapertures of the available synthetic aperture. This is achieved in conjunction with extracting the signature of a specific target region (digital spotlighting). Issues that are associated with implementing the algorithm on SMP-HPCs and DMP-HPCs are discussed. The results using the FOPEN P-3 SAR data are provided. 

    @INPROCEEDINGS{SoumekhGuntherLindermanKohler00:Subaperture,
author = {Mehrdad Soumekh and Gernot Gunther and Mark Linderman and Ralph Kohler},
title = {{Digitally-Spotlighted Subaperture SAR Image Formation Using High Performance Computing}},
booktitle = {Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery VII},
year = {2000},
editor = {Edmund G. Zelnio},
volume = SPIE # {4053},
pages = {260-271},
abstract = {This paper is concerned with the implementation of the SAR wavefront reconstruction algorithm on a high performance computer. For this purpose, the imaging algorithm is reformulated as a coherent processing (spectral combination) of images that are formed from a set of subapertures of the available synthetic aperture. This is achieved in conjunction with extracting the signature of a specific target region (digital spotlighting). Issues that are associated with implementing the algorithm on SMP-HPCs and DMP-HPCs are discussed. The results using the FOPEN P-3 SAR data are provided.},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Wavefront Reconstruction, Wavenumber Domain Algorithm, omega-k, RFI Suppression, Subaperture Processing, Parallel Processing, Digital Spotlighting, Slow-Time Upsampling, Alias-free Processing, Real-Time Processing, High Performance Computing, FFTW},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/SoumekhGuntherLindermanKohler00.pdf},
url = {http://spiedl.aip.org/vsearch/servlet/VerityServlet?KEY=SPIEDL&smode=strresults&maxdisp=25&possible1=Soumekh


  11. Mehrdad Soumekh, Steve Worrell, Edward G. Zelnio, and Brett Keaffaber. SAR Wavefront Reconstruction Using Motion Compensated Phase History (Polar Format) Data and DPCA-Based GMTI. In Edmund G. Zelnio, editor, Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery VII, volume SPIE # 4053, pages 64-75, 2000.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Wavefront Reconstruction, Wavenumber Domain Algorithm, omega-k, Polar Format Algorithm, X-Band, Squinted SAR, Motion Compensation, Monopulse SAR, MTI, GMTI.
    Abstract: This paper address the problem of processing an X-band SAR database that was originally intended for processing via a polar format imaging algorithm. In our approach, we use the approximation-free SAR wavefront reconstruction. For this, the measured and motion compensated phase history (polar format) data are processed in a multi-dimensional digital signal processing algorithm that yields alias-free slow-time samples. The resultant database is used for wavefront image formation. The X-band SAR system also provides a two channel along-track monopulse database. The alias-free monopulse SAR data are used in a coherent signal subspace algorithm for Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI). Results are provided. 

    @INPROCEEDINGS{SoumekhWorrellZelnioKeaffaber00:Wavefront,
author = {Mehrdad Soumekh and Steve Worrell and Edward G. Zelnio and Brett Keaffaber},
title = {{SAR Wavefront Reconstruction Using Motion Compensated Phase History (Polar Format) Data and DPCA-Based GMTI}},
booktitle = {Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery VII},
year = {2000},
editor = {Edmund G. Zelnio},
volume = SPIE # {4053},
pages = {64-75},
abstract = {This paper address the problem of processing an X-band SAR database that was originally intended for processing via a polar format imaging algorithm. In our approach, we use the approximation-free SAR wavefront reconstruction. For this, the measured and motion compensated phase history (polar format) data are processed in a multi-dimensional digital signal processing algorithm that yields alias-free slow-time samples. The resultant database is used for wavefront image formation. The X-band SAR system also provides a two channel along-track monopulse database. The alias-free monopulse SAR data are used in a coherent signal subspace algorithm for Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI). Results are provided.},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Wavefront Reconstruction, Wavenumber Domain Algorithm, omega-k, Polar Format Algorithm, X-Band, Squinted SAR, Motion Compensation, Monopulse SAR, MTI, GMTI},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/SoumekhWorrellZelnioKeaffaber00.pdf},
url = {http://spiedl.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PSISDG004053000001000064000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes} 
}


  12. David A. Yocky and Charles V. Jakowatz. Two-target height effects on interferometric synthetic aperture radar coherence. In Edmund G. Zelnio, editor, , volume 4053, pages 102-108, 2000. SPIE.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, SAR Tomography, InSAR, SAR Interferometry, Polar Format Algorithm, PFA, Spotlight SAR, Spotlight-mode data. 
    @conference{yockyJakowatzTwoTargetsInSAR2000,
author = {David A. Yocky and Charles V. Jakowatz, Jr.},
editor = {Edmund G. Zelnio},
collaboration = {},
title = {Two-target height effects on interferometric synthetic aperture radar coherence},
publisher = {SPIE},
year = {2000},
journal = {Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery VII},
volume = {4053},
number = {1},
pages = {102-108},
location = {Orlando, FL, USA},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?PSI/4053/102/1},
doi = {10.1117/12.396320},
keywords = {SAR Processing, SAR Tomography, InSAR, SAR Interferometry, Polar Format Algorithm, PFA, Spotlight SAR, Spotlight-mode data},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/yockyJakowatzTwoTargetsInSAR2000.pdf},
owner = {ofrey},

}



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Please note that access to full text PDF versions of papers is restricted to the Remote Sensing Laboratories of the University of Zürich.
Copyright and all rights therein are retained by authors or by other copyright holders. All persons copying this information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright.

This collection of SAR literature is far from being complete.
It is rather a collection of papers which I store in my literature data base. Hence, the list of publications under PUBLICATIONS OF AUTHOR'S NAME should NOT be mistaken for a complete bibliography of that author.



Last modified: Wed Sep 8 19:32:46 2010
Author: Othmar Frey , Remote Sensing Laboratories (RSL), University of Zurich, Switzerland .

This document was translated from BibTEX by bibtex2html