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BACK TO INDEX Publications of year 1995 Books and proceedings
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| Abstract: | The book gives an excellent theoretical and practical background of SAR in general and specifically of spotlight SAR. The rich experience of the authors in spotlight SAR processing is reflected by a very detailed summary of the associated theory as well as a lot of SAR image examples. These images illustrate the techniques described in the book and provide a valuable connection to practice. This book can be highly recommended to all scientists and engineers involved in SAR system design and SAR data evaluation, -- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, January 1996. Contents: Synthetic Aperture Radar Fundamentals. Spotlight SAR and Polar Format Algorithm. Digital Polar Format Processing. Phase Errors. Autofocus Techniques. Processor Design Examples. SAR System Performance. Spotlight Processing Applications. Range Migration Algorithm. Chirp Scaling Algorithm. Comparison of Image Formation Algorithms. Appendices. |
@BOOK{carrara:SARProc,
title = {{Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithms}},
publisher = {Artech House Inc.},
year = {1995},
author = {Walter G. Carrara and Ron S. Goodman and Ronald M. Majewski},
abstract = {The book gives an excellent theoretical and practical background of SAR in general and specifically of spotlight SAR. The rich experience of the authors in spotlight SAR processing is reflected by a very detailed summary of the associated theory as well as a lot of SAR image examples. These images illustrate the techniques described in the book and provide a valuable connection to practice. This book can be highly recommended to all scientists and engineers involved in SAR system design and SAR data evaluation, -- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, January 1996. Contents: Synthetic Aperture Radar Fundamentals. Spotlight SAR and Polar Format Algorithm. Digital Polar Format Processing. Phase Errors. Autofocus Techniques. Processor Design Examples. SAR System Performance. Spotlight Processing Applications. Range Migration Algorithm. Chirp Scaling Algorithm. Comparison of Image Formation Algorithms. Appendices.},
comment = {Appendix A: A Fast Algorithm for Digital Quadrature Demodulation},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Spotlight SAR, Range Migration Algorithm, omega-k, Wavenumber Domain Algorithm, Chirp Scaling Algorithm, Polar Format Algorithm, Autofocus Techniques,Demodulation,Quadrature Demodulation, Hilbert Transform},
url = {http://www.techbooks.co.uk/artech/book310.htm}
}
Articles in journal or book chapters
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Giorgio Franceschetti,
Riccardo Lanari,
and E. S. Marzouk.
Efficient and High Precision Space-Variant Processing of SAR Data.
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,
31(1):227-237,
January 1995.
Keywords: SAR Processing, Range Migration Algorithm, omega-k, Wavenumber Domain Algorithm, Range-Doppler Algorithm, Space-Variance Compensation, Space-Variant Processing, Earth Rotation Effect, Nonstandard Fourier Transform.Abstract: We investigate the space-variance of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) transfer function due to focus depth variation and Earth rotation effect. We introduce a procedure for efficient space-variance compensation which is based on the use of a nonstandard Fourier transform (FT). A number of experiments confirming theoretical results are presented @ARTICLE{francescLanaMar95:Processing, author = {Giorgio Franceschetti and Riccardo Lanari and E. S. Marzouk}, title = {{Efficient and High Precision Space-Variant Processing of SAR Data}}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems}, year = {1995}, volume = {31}, pages = {227-237}, number = {1}, month = Jan, abstract = {We investigate the space-variance of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) transfer function due to focus depth variation and Earth rotation effect. We introduce a procedure for efficient space-variance compensation which is based on the use of a nonstandard Fourier transform (FT). A number of experiments confirming theoretical results are presented}, keywords = {SAR Processing, Range Migration Algorithm, omega-k, Wavenumber Domain Algorithm, Range-Doppler Algorithm, Space-Variance Compensation, Space-Variant Processing, Earth Rotation Effect, Nonstandard Fourier Transform}, pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/francescLanaMar95.pdf}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel4/7/8392/00366305.pdf} } -
J.O. Hagberg,
L. M. H. Ulander,
and J. Askne.
Repeat-pass SAR interferometry over forested terrain.
IEEE_J_GRS,
33(2):331-340,
March 1995.
Keywords: SAR Processing, SAR interferometry, forest, forested terrain, forestry, general system model, geophysical method, interferometry, land surface topography, measurement technique, radar remote sensing, repeat pass method, scene scattering, synthetic aperture radar, topographic map, vegetation mapping, forestry, geophysical techniques, radar applications, radar imaging, remote sensing, remote sensing by radar, synthetic aperture radar, topography (Earth);.Abstract: Repeat-pass synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry provides the possibility of producing topographic maps and geocoded as well as radiometrically calibrated radar images. However, the usefulness of such maps and images depends on our understanding of how different types of terrain affect the radar measurements. It is essential that the scene coherence between passes is sufficient. In this paper, the authors derive a general system model including both radar system and scene scattering properties. The model is used to interpret measurements over a forested area where the scene coherence varies between 0.2 and 0.5. The coherence is found to be sensitive to temperature changes around 0 deg Celsius but surprisingly insensitive to wind speed. The interferometric height discontinuity at the forest to open-field boundary shows good agreement with in situ tree height measurements. For a dense boreal forest, but is observed to decrease for a less dense forest. This suggests the possibility of estimating bole volume from the interferometric tree height and a ground DEM. The decrease of scene coherence over a dense forest with increasing baseline is also used to estimate the effective scattering layer thickness @ARTICLE{HagbergUlanderAskne1995, author={Hagberg, J.O. and Ulander, L. M. H. and Askne, J.}, journal=IEEE_J_GRS, title={Repeat-pass {SAR} interferometry over forested terrain}, year={1995}, month=mar, volume={33}, number={2}, pages={331-340}, abstract={Repeat-pass synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry provides the possibility of producing topographic maps and geocoded as well as radiometrically calibrated radar images. However, the usefulness of such maps and images depends on our understanding of how different types of terrain affect the radar measurements. It is essential that the scene coherence between passes is sufficient. In this paper, the authors derive a general system model including both radar system and scene scattering properties. The model is used to interpret measurements over a forested area where the scene coherence varies between 0.2 and 0.5. The coherence is found to be sensitive to temperature changes around 0 deg Celsius but surprisingly insensitive to wind speed. The interferometric height discontinuity at the forest to open-field boundary shows good agreement with in situ tree height measurements. For a dense boreal forest, but is observed to decrease for a less dense forest. This suggests the possibility of estimating bole volume from the interferometric tree height and a ground DEM. The decrease of scene coherence over a dense forest with increasing baseline is also used to estimate the effective scattering layer thickness}, keywords={SAR Processing, SAR interferometry;forest;forested terrain;forestry;general system model;geophysical method;interferometry;land surface topography;measurement technique;radar remote sensing;repeat pass method;scene scattering;synthetic aperture radar;topographic map;vegetation mapping;forestry;geophysical techniques;radar applications;radar imaging;remote sensing;remote sensing by radar;synthetic aperture radar;topography (Earth);}, doi={10.1109/36.377933}, ISSN={0196-2892}, } -
Marc L. Imhoff.
Radar backscatter and biomass saturation: ramifications for global biomass inventory.
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,
33(2):511-518,
March 1995.
Keywords: SAR Processing, backscatter, forestry, geophysical techniques, radar applications, radar cross-sections, radar imaging, remote sensing by radar, synthetic aperture radar, 0.44 to 5.3 GHz, C-band, Hawaii, L-band, P-band, SAR, UHF SHF microwave, biomass saturation, biome, broadleaf evergreen forest, canopy, coniferous forest, forestry, geophysical measurement technique, global biomass inventory, land surface, phytomass, radar backscatter, radar remote sensing, synthetic aperture radar, vegetated surface, vegetation mapping, Space-borne SAR, SAR Tomography, Tomography.Abstract: Two SAR and biomass data sets of forests with different canopy architectures were examined for commonalties regarding backscatter/biomass saturation. The SAR data were collected using the NASA/JPL AIRSAR at incidence angles between 40° and 50° for tropical broadleaf evergreen forests in Hawaii and coniferous forests in North America and Europe. Radar signal saturation limits with respect to biomass for both forest types were determined to be ≈100 tons/ha for P-band (0.44 GHz), ≈40 tons/ha for L-band (1.25 GHz), and ≈20 tons/ha for C-band (5.3 GHz). The effect of the saturation limits on making global biomass inventories with SAR sensors was assessed by comparing the biomass saturation limits to a global vegetation type and biomass data base. C-band can be used to measure biomass in biomes covering 2537763250470f the world's total ice-free vegetated surface area accounting for 41001275514f Earth's store of terrestrial phytomass. L- and P-band can be used to measure biomass in biomes covering 37 0x1.6789600000014p-895nd 6237763250530f the total vegetated surface area accounting for 8 0x1.8df0008058238p-895nd 191012327650f Earth's pool of terrestrial phytomass respectively. Biomes occupying approximately 382f Earth's vegetated surface area containing 811012364620f the estimated total terrestrial phytomass have biomass densities above the saturation limit of current SAR systems (>100 tons/ha for P-band). Since P-band radar systems cannot currently operate effectively from orbit, the use of SAR sensors for biomass surveys may be limited even further to the L-band threshold. Emphasis should be shifted toward using SAR to characterize forest regeneration and development up to the saturation limits shown in this article rather than attempting to measure biomass directly in heavy forests. The development of new and innovative technologies for measuring biomass in high density vegetation is encouraged @ARTICLE{imhoff95:RadarBackscatterAndBiomass, author = {Imhoff, Marc L.}, title = {Radar backscatter and biomass saturation: ramifications for global biomass inventory}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing}, year = {1995}, volume = {33}, pages = {511-518}, number = {2}, month = mar, abstract = {Two SAR and biomass data sets of forests with different canopy architectures were examined for commonalties regarding backscatter/biomass saturation. The SAR data were collected using the NASA/JPL AIRSAR at incidence angles between 40° and 50° for tropical broadleaf evergreen forests in Hawaii and coniferous forests in North America and Europe. Radar signal saturation limits with respect to biomass for both forest types were determined to be ≈100 tons/ha for P-band (0.44 GHz), ≈40 tons/ha for L-band (1.25 GHz), and ≈20 tons/ha for C-band (5.3 GHz). The effect of the saturation limits on making global biomass inventories with SAR sensors was assessed by comparing the biomass saturation limits to a global vegetation type and biomass data base. C-band can be used to measure biomass in biomes covering 2537763250470f the world's total ice-free vegetated surface area accounting for 41001275514f Earth's store of terrestrial phytomass. L- and P-band can be used to measure biomass in biomes covering 37 0x1.6789600000014p-895nd 6237763250530f the total vegetated surface area accounting for 8 0x1.8df0008058319p-895nd 191012327650f Earth's pool of terrestrial phytomass respectively. Biomes occupying approximately 382f Earth's vegetated surface area containing 811012370340f the estimated total terrestrial phytomass have biomass densities above the saturation limit of current SAR systems (>100 tons/ha for P-band). Since P-band radar systems cannot currently operate effectively from orbit, the use of SAR sensors for biomass surveys may be limited even further to the L-band threshold. Emphasis should be shifted toward using SAR to characterize forest regeneration and development up to the saturation limits shown in this article rather than attempting to measure biomass directly in heavy forests. The development of new and innovative technologies for measuring biomass in high density vegetation is encouraged}, doi = {10.1109/36.377953}, issn = {0196-2892}, keywords = {SAR Processing, backscatter, forestry, geophysical techniques, radar applications, radar cross-sections, radar imaging, remote sensing by radar, synthetic aperture radar, 0.44 to 5.3 GHz, C-band, Hawaii, L-band, P-band, SAR, UHF SHF microwave, biomass saturation, biome, broadleaf evergreen forest, canopy, coniferous forest, forestry, geophysical measurement technique, global biomass inventory, land surface, phytomass, radar backscatter, radar remote sensing, synthetic aperture radar, vegetated surface, vegetation mapping, Space-borne SAR, SAR Tomography, Tomography}, owner = {ofrey}, pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/imhoff95.pdf}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=377953&isnumber=8610} } -
C.V. Jakowatz and P.A. Thompson.
A new look at spotlight mode synthetic aperture radar as tomography: imaging 3-D targets.
Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on,
4(5):699--703,
1995.
Keywords: SAR Processing, SAR Tomography, Tomography, Fourier transforms, image reconstruction, radar imaging, synthetic aperture radar, tomography, 3D Fourier transform, 3D tomographic formulation, demodulated radar return data, layover, projection effect, radar target reflectivities, reconstructed 2D SAR image, spotlight mode synthetic aperture radar, tomography.Abstract: A new 3D tomographic formulation of spotlight mode synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is developed. This extends the pioneering work of Munson et al. (1983), who first formally described SAR in terms of tomography but who made the simplifying assumption that the target scene was 2D. The present authors treat the more general and practical case in which the radar target reflectivities comprise a 3D function. The main goal is to demonstrate that the demodulated radar return data from a spotlight mode collection represent a certain set of samples of the 3D Fourier transform of the target reflectivity function and to do so using a tomographic paradigm instead of traditional range-Doppler analysis. They also show that the tomographic approach is useful in interpreting the reconstructed 2D SAR image corresponding to a 3D scene. Specifically, the well-known SAR phenomenon of layover is easily explained in terms of tomographic projections and is shown to be analogous to the projection effect in conventional optical imaging @ARTICLE{jakowatzThompson95:Tomo, author = {Jakowatz, C.V. and Thompson, P.A.}, title = {A new look at spotlight mode synthetic aperture radar as tomography: imaging 3-D targets}, journal = {Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on}, year = {1995}, volume = {4}, pages = {699--703}, number = {5}, abstract = {A new 3D tomographic formulation of spotlight mode synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is developed. This extends the pioneering work of Munson et al. (1983), who first formally described SAR in terms of tomography but who made the simplifying assumption that the target scene was 2D. The present authors treat the more general and practical case in which the radar target reflectivities comprise a 3D function. The main goal is to demonstrate that the demodulated radar return data from a spotlight mode collection represent a certain set of samples of the 3D Fourier transform of the target reflectivity function and to do so using a tomographic paradigm instead of traditional range-Doppler analysis. They also show that the tomographic approach is useful in interpreting the reconstructed 2D SAR image corresponding to a 3D scene. Specifically, the well-known SAR phenomenon of layover is easily explained in terms of tomographic projections and is shown to be analogous to the projection effect in conventional optical imaging}, issn = {1057-7149}, keywords = {SAR Processing, SAR Tomography, Tomography, Fourier transforms, image reconstruction, radar imaging, synthetic aperture radar, tomography, 3D Fourier transform, 3D tomographic formulation, demodulated radar return data, layover, projection effect, radar target reflectivities, reconstructed 2D SAR image, spotlight mode synthetic aperture radar, tomography}, owner = {ofrey}, pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/jakowatzThompsonTomo95.pdf}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel4/83/8672/00382506.pdf} } -
Nick Marechal.
Tomographic formulation of interferometric SAR for terrain elevation mapping.
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,
33(3):726--739,
May 1995.
Keywords: SAR Processing, SAR Interferometry, Interferometry, InSAR, Spotlight SAR, SAR Tomography, geophysical signal processing, geophysical techniques, radar applications, radar imaging, remote sensing by radar, synthetic aperture radar, topography (Earth)SAR image, SAR image model, baseline separation, correlation, equations, geophysical measurement technique, image pair decorrelation, interferometric SAR, phase difference, radar remote sensing, spotlight synthetic aperture radar, terrain elevation mapping, terrain mapping, tomographic formulation, tomography, topographic height error variance model.Abstract: Topographic mapping with spotlight synthetic aperture radar (SAR) using an interferometric technique is studied. Included is a review of the equations for determination of terrain elevation from the phase difference between a pair of SAR images formed from data collected at two differing imaging geometries. This paper builds upon the systems analysis of Li and Goldstein in which image pair decorrelation as a function of the \u201cbaseline\u201d separation between the receiving antennas was first analyzed. In this paper correlation and topographic height error variance models are developed based on a SAR image model derived from a tomographic image formation perspective. The models are general in the sense that they are constructed to analyze the case of single antenna, two-pass interferometry with arbitrary antenna line of sight, and velocity vector directions. Correlation and height error variance sensitivity to SAR system parameters and terrain gradients are studied @ARTICLE{marechal1995:TomoFormulationForInSAR, author = {Marechal, Nick}, title = {{Tomographic formulation of interferometric SAR for terrain elevation mapping}}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing}, year = {1995}, volume = {33}, pages = {726--739}, number = {3}, month = {May}, abstract = {Topographic mapping with spotlight synthetic aperture radar (SAR) using an interferometric technique is studied. Included is a review of the equations for determination of terrain elevation from the phase difference between a pair of SAR images formed from data collected at two differing imaging geometries. This paper builds upon the systems analysis of Li and Goldstein in which image pair decorrelation as a function of the \u201cbaseline\u201d separation between the receiving antennas was first analyzed. In this paper correlation and topographic height error variance models are developed based on a SAR image model derived from a tomographic image formation perspective. The models are general in the sense that they are constructed to analyze the case of single antenna, two-pass interferometry with arbitrary antenna line of sight, and velocity vector directions. Correlation and height error variance sensitivity to SAR system parameters and terrain gradients are studied}, doi = {10.1109/36.387588}, issn = {0196-2892}, keywords = {SAR Processing, SAR Interferometry, Interferometry, InSAR, Spotlight SAR, SAR Tomography, geophysical signal processing, geophysical techniques, radar applications, radar imaging, remote sensing by radar, synthetic aperture radar, topography (Earth)SAR image, SAR image model, baseline separation, correlation, equations, geophysical measurement technique, image pair decorrelation, interferometric SAR, phase difference, radar remote sensing, spotlight synthetic aperture radar, terrain elevation mapping, terrain mapping, tomographic formulation, tomography, topographic height error variance model}, owner = {ofrey}, pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/marechal1995.pdf}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=387588&isnumber=8788} } -
H. C. Stankwitz,
R. J. Dallaire,
and J. R. Fienup.
Nonlinear apodization for sidelobe control in SAR imagery.
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,
31(1):267-279,
January 1995.
Keywords: SAR Processing, Apodization, Nonlinear Apodization, Dual Apodization, Complex Dual Apodization, Multiapodization, Spatially Variant Apodization, DA, CDA, SVA, Fourier transform, SAR imagery, antenna design, complex-valued SAR imagery, digital filtering, mainlobe resolution, nonlinear apodization techniques, sequential nonlinear operations, ships. sidelobe control, sonar, spectral weighting, synthetic aperture radar imagery, Nyquist diagrams, fast Fourier transforms, frequency-domain analysis, synthetic aperture radars.Abstract: Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery often requires sidelobe control, or apodization, via weighting of the frequency domain aperture. This is of particular importance when imaging scenes containing objects such as ships or buildings having very large radar cross sections. Sidelobe improvement using spectral weighting is invariably at the expense of mainlobe resolution presented here is a class of nonlinear operators which significantly reduce sidelobe levels without degrading mainlobe resolution implementation is via sequential nonlinear operations applied to complex-valued (undetected) SAR imagery. SAR imaging is used to motivate the concepts developed in this work. However, these nonlinear apodization techniques have potentially broad and far-ranging applications in antenna design, sonar, digital filtering etc., i.e., whenever data can be represented as the Fourier transform of a finite-aperture signal.<> @ARTICLE{stankwitzDallaireFienup1995:NonLinearApodization, author = {Stankwitz, H. C. and Dallaire, R. J. and Fienup, J. R.}, title = {Nonlinear apodization for sidelobe control in SAR imagery}, journal = {{IEEE} Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems}, year = {1995}, volume = {31}, pages = {267-279}, number = {1}, month = jan, abstract = {Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery often requires sidelobe control, or apodization, via weighting of the frequency domain aperture. This is of particular importance when imaging scenes containing objects such as ships or buildings having very large radar cross sections. Sidelobe improvement using spectral weighting is invariably at the expense of mainlobe resolution presented here is a class of nonlinear operators which significantly reduce sidelobe levels without degrading mainlobe resolution implementation is via sequential nonlinear operations applied to complex-valued (undetected) SAR imagery. SAR imaging is used to motivate the concepts developed in this work. However, these nonlinear apodization techniques have potentially broad and far-ranging applications in antenna design, sonar, digital filtering etc., i.e., whenever data can be represented as the Fourier transform of a finite-aperture signal.<>}, doi = {10.1109/7.366309}, issn = {0018-9251}, keywords = {SAR Processing, Apodization, Nonlinear Apodization, Dual Apodization, Complex Dual Apodization, Multiapodization, Spatially Variant Apodization, DA, CDA, SVA, Fourier transform,SAR imagery,antenna design, complex-valued SAR imagery, digital filtering, mainlobe resolution, nonlinear apodization techniques, sequential nonlinear operations, ships. sidelobe control, sonar, spectral weighting, synthetic aperture radar imagery, Nyquist diagrams, fast Fourier transforms, frequency-domain analysis, synthetic aperture radars}, owner = {ofrey} } -
Petre Stoica and M. Cedervall.
On LP-MUSIC.
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,
43(2):552-555,
February 1995.
Keywords: SAR Processing, MUSIC, SAR Tomography, frequency estimation, noise, prediction theory, signal processing, LP-MUSIC, consistency properties, frequency estimates, linear prediction algorithm, linear prediction-MUSIC, noisy data, signal subspace, spatial frequency estimation, temporal frequency estimation.Abstract: Studies the consistency properties of a method recently proposed for temporal or spatial frequency estimation from noisy data. The method in question is a MUSIC technique that makes use of a linear prediction algorithm to determine the signal subspace. It is shown that the signal subspace determined by the subject linear prediction-MUSIC (LP-MUSIC) algorithm can collapse in certain scenarios and. Hence, that the LP-MUSIC frequency estimates are not always consistent. The difficulties LP-MUSIC may encounter in some cases are illustrated by means of numerical examples @ARTICLE{stoicaCedervall1995:LPMUSIC, author = {Stoica, Petre and Cedervall, M.}, title = {On LP-MUSIC}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing}, year = {1995}, volume = {43}, pages = {552-555}, number = {2}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {Studies the consistency properties of a method recently proposed for temporal or spatial frequency estimation from noisy data. The method in question is a MUSIC technique that makes use of a linear prediction algorithm to determine the signal subspace. It is shown that the signal subspace determined by the subject linear prediction-MUSIC (LP-MUSIC) algorithm can collapse in certain scenarios and. Hence, that the LP-MUSIC frequency estimates are not always consistent. The difficulties LP-MUSIC may encounter in some cases are illustrated by means of numerical examples}, doi = {10.1109/78.348140}, issn = {1053-587X}, keywords = {SAR Processing, MUSIC, SAR Tomography, frequency estimation, noise, prediction theory, signal processing, LP-MUSIC, consistency properties, frequency estimates, linear prediction algorithm, linear prediction-MUSIC, noisy data, signal subspace, spatial frequency estimation, temporal frequency estimation}, owner = {ofrey}, pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/stoicaCedervall1995}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=348140&isnumber=8053} }
Conference articles
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Kenneth Abend and John W. McCorkle.
Radio and TV interference extraction for ultrawideband radar.
In Dominick A. Giglio, editor,
Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery II, Dominick A. Giglio; Ed.,
volume 2487,
pages 119--129,
1995.
SPIE.
Keywords: SAR Processing, RFI Suppression, Ultra-Wideband SAR, Airborne SAR.Abstract: This paper describes a computationally efficient, high-performance, UWB radar interference suppression algorithm. An adaptive FIR (finite impulse response) prediction-error noise- whitening filter exhibits minimal computational complexity and achieves 30 dB interference reduction per pulse (1 microsecond(s) long) with 16-bit simulated interference. Using measured interference data digitized to 8-bits with a 6.5 effective bit digitizer, collected just north of Washington, DC at the Army Research Laboratory, the technique achieved 20 to 27 dB of reduction. To minimize the computational load, the filter weights are periodically determined from data collected during a fraction of a radar range sweep. These weights are found to be effective for hundreds of subsequent radar pulses. Previous work on an estimate-and-subtract, tone-extraction technique resulted in 20 dB average interference reduction on the same measured data with a computational load linearly related to the number of tones extracted. The adaptive filtering approach uses an over-determined system producing an FIR filter with N taps, independent of the number of interference signals. An iterative technique to reduce the range sidelobes caused by the filter's impulse response is also presented. The computational load of this iterative stage is, at worst, linearly related to the number of targets whose sidelobes are extracted. It is shown that, with a small reduction in performance, the sidelobe reduction can be accomplished with a relatively small increase in the overall computational load. The computational complexity of the proposed technique relative to the estimate-and- subtract technique depends on the signal and interference environment and on the acceptable sidelobe level. A comprehensive radio and TV interference simulator was developed to test the interference suppression algorithm. It avoids difficulties in memory requirements and code complexity typically encountered in high-sample rate, long duration, and UWB simulations. Data was generated for various population densities, sampling rates, and quantization levels. Results using the simulation data showed that the performance of the algorithm was related to the quantization level with more bits producing better results. @INPROCEEDINGS{abendMccorkle95:RFI, author = {Abend, Kenneth and McCorkle, John W.}, title = {{Radio and TV interference extraction for ultrawideband radar}}, booktitle = {Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery II, Dominick A. Giglio; Ed.}, year = {1995}, editor = {Dominick A. Giglio}, volume = {2487}, pages = {119--129}, publisher = {SPIE}, abstract = {This paper describes a computationally efficient, high-performance, UWB radar interference suppression algorithm. An adaptive FIR (finite impulse response) prediction-error noise- whitening filter exhibits minimal computational complexity and achieves 30 dB interference reduction per pulse (1 microsecond(s) long) with 16-bit simulated interference. Using measured interference data digitized to 8-bits with a 6.5 effective bit digitizer, collected just north of Washington, DC at the Army Research Laboratory, the technique achieved 20 to 27 dB of reduction. To minimize the computational load, the filter weights are periodically determined from data collected during a fraction of a radar range sweep. These weights are found to be effective for hundreds of subsequent radar pulses. Previous work on an estimate-and-subtract, tone-extraction technique resulted in 20 dB average interference reduction on the same measured data with a computational load linearly related to the number of tones extracted. The adaptive filtering approach uses an over-determined system producing an FIR filter with N taps, independent of the number of interference signals. An iterative technique to reduce the range sidelobes caused by the filter's impulse response is also presented. The computational load of this iterative stage is, at worst, linearly related to the number of targets whose sidelobes are extracted. It is shown that, with a small reduction in performance, the sidelobe reduction can be accomplished with a relatively small increase in the overall computational load. The computational complexity of the proposed technique relative to the estimate-and- subtract technique depends on the signal and interference environment and on the acceptable sidelobe level. A comprehensive radio and TV interference simulator was developed to test the interference suppression algorithm. It avoids difficulties in memory requirements and code complexity typically encountered in high-sample rate, long duration, and UWB simulations. Data was generated for various population densities, sampling rates, and quantization levels. Results using the simulation data showed that the performance of the algorithm was related to the quantization level with more bits producing better results.}, keywords = {SAR Processing, RFI Suppression, Ultra-Wideband SAR, Airborne SAR}, pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/abendMccorkle95.pdf}, url = {http://bookstore.spie.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=CartAddItem&cachedsearch=1&productid=210832&CFID=2210291&CFTOKEN=57730651&producttype=pdf} } -
A. Beaudoin,
N. Stussi,
D. Troufleau,
N. Desbois,
L. Piet,
and M. Deshayes.
On the use of ERS-1 SAR data over hilly terrain: Necessity of radiometric corrections for thematic applications.
In Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1995. IGARSS '95,
volume 3,
pages 2179-2182,
1995.
Keywords: SAR Processing, SAR Geocoding, Geocoding, Radiometric Calibration, Radiometric Correction, Calibration, DEM, ERS-1, Mediterranean forest, acquisition geometry, empirical cosine model, geophysical measurement technique, geophysical techniques, hilly terrain mapping, land surface, quantitative use, radar imaging, radar remote sensing, radiometric correction, remote sensing by radar, spaceborne radar, synthetic aperture radar, thematic applications, vegetation mapping.Abstract: A radiometric correction method for the quantitative use of ERS SAR data acquired over hilly terrain is illustrated over a Mediterranean forest test-site. It is based on a DEM coupled to the SAR acquisition geometry. It is shown that uncorrected ?0 information is mainly related to the ground scattering area (8 dB variations), and the useful thematic information (2-3 dB) is therefore masked. Once calibrated, pixel intensity decreases with local incidence angle (variations up to 1.5 dB) and this variability can be reduced using an empirical cosine model. Then, the thematic benefits of such corrections are illustrated for surface discrimination and parameter estimation, along with a discussion on applicability and limitations @INPROCEEDINGS{beaudoinStussiTroufleauDesboisPietDeshayes95:Radiometry, author = {Beaudoin, A. and Stussi, N. and Troufleau, D. and Desbois, N. and Piet, L. and Deshayes, M.}, title = {On the use of ERS-1 SAR data over hilly terrain: Necessity of radiometric corrections for thematic applications}, booktitle = {Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1995. IGARSS '95}, year = {1995}, volume = {3}, pages = {2179-2182}, abstract = { A radiometric correction method for the quantitative use of ERS SAR data acquired over hilly terrain is illustrated over a Mediterranean forest test-site. It is based on a DEM coupled to the SAR acquisition geometry. It is shown that uncorrected ?0 information is mainly related to the ground scattering area (8 dB variations), and the useful thematic information (2-3 dB) is therefore masked. Once calibrated, pixel intensity decreases with local incidence angle (variations up to 1.5 dB) and this variability can be reduced using an empirical cosine model. Then, the thematic benefits of such corrections are illustrated for surface discrimination and parameter estimation, along with a discussion on applicability and limitations}, keywords = {SAR Processing, SAR Geocoding, Geocoding, Radiometric Calibration,Radiometric Correction, Calibration,DEM, ERS-1, Mediterranean forest,acquisition geometry, empirical cosine model, geophysical measurement technique, geophysical techniques, hilly terrain mapping, land surface, quantitative use, radar imaging, radar remote sensing, radiometric correction, remote sensing by radar, spaceborne radar, synthetic aperture radar, thematic applications, vegetation mapping}, owner = {ofrey}, pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/beaudoinStussiTroufleauDesboisPietDeshayes95.pdf}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/3940/11411/00524141.pdf} } -
Fulvio Gini and Fabrizio Lombardini.
A novel linear-quadratic technique for coherent radar detection in mixed clutter environment.
In European Microwave Conference, 1995. 25th,
volume 1,
pages 360--364,
Oct. 1995.
@INPROCEEDINGS{Gini1995a, author = {Gini, Fulvio and Lombardini, Fabrizio}, title = {A novel linear-quadratic technique for coherent radar detection in mixed clutter environment}, booktitle = {European Microwave Conference, 1995. 25th}, year = {1995}, volume = {1}, pages = {360--364}, month = {Oct. }, doi = {10.1109/EUMA.1995.336980}, owner = {ofrey} } -
Fulvio Gini,
Fabrizio Lombardini,
and Lucio Verrazzani.
A robust approach to decentralized CFAR detection in spiky clutter.
In European Microwave Conference, 1995. 25th,
volume 1,
pages 584--588,
Oct. 1995.
@INPROCEEDINGS{Gini1995, author = {Gini, Fulvio and Lombardini, Fabrizio and Verrazzani, Lucio}, title = {A robust approach to decentralized CFAR detection in spiky clutter}, booktitle = {European Microwave Conference, 1995. 25th}, year = {1995}, volume = {1}, pages = {584--588}, month = {Oct. }, doi = {10.1109/EUMA.1995.337027}, owner = {ofrey} } -
Ron S. Goodman,
Sreenidhi Tummala,
and Walter G. Carrara.
Issues in Ultra-Wideband, Widebeam SAR Image Formation.
In The Record of the 1995 IEEE Radar Conference,
pages 479-485,
May 1995.
Keywords: SAR Processing, Range Migration Algorithm, Wavefront Reconstruction, Wavenumber Domain Algorithm, omega-k, RFI Suppression, Motion Compensation, Autofocus Techniques, Ultra-Wideband SAR, Sidelobe Control, P-Band, FOPEN, Airborne SAR.Abstract: The formation of low-frequency, ultra-wideband/widebeam (UWB/WB) SAR imagery faces inherent challenges not present in conventional SAR systems operating at higher frequencies. Small angle approximations and other shortcuts taken in conventional SAR processors may be inappropriate for the UWB/WB SAR processor. The severe range migration associated with fine resolution UWB/WB SAR poses a significant problem for the image formation algorithm. The combination of a long synthetic aperture and a wide azimuth beamwidth has important implications for motion compensation implementation and performance. We survey the major challenges to UWB/WB SAR image formation. The emphasis is on the formation of fine resolution digital imagery from low frequency UWB/WB data collected in the stripmap mode by an airborne SAR system. We examine the differences in image formation and data processing between UWB/WB systems and conventional SAR systems. We illustrate aspects of UWB/WB image formation with imagery from the P3 ultra-wideband radar system - a 0.3 m resolution SAR which operates in the VHF/UHF frequency bands @INPROCEEDINGS{GoodmanTummalaCarrara95:UWB, author = {Ron S. Goodman and Sreenidhi Tummala and Walter G. Carrara}, title = {{Issues in Ultra-Wideband, Widebeam SAR Image Formation}}, booktitle = {The Record of the 1995 IEEE Radar Conference}, year = {1995}, pages = {479-485}, month = May, abstract = {The formation of low-frequency, ultra-wideband/widebeam (UWB/WB) SAR imagery faces inherent challenges not present in conventional SAR systems operating at higher frequencies. Small angle approximations and other shortcuts taken in conventional SAR processors may be inappropriate for the UWB/WB SAR processor. The severe range migration associated with fine resolution UWB/WB SAR poses a significant problem for the image formation algorithm. The combination of a long synthetic aperture and a wide azimuth beamwidth has important implications for motion compensation implementation and performance. We survey the major challenges to UWB/WB SAR image formation. The emphasis is on the formation of fine resolution digital imagery from low frequency UWB/WB data collected in the stripmap mode by an airborne SAR system. We examine the differences in image formation and data processing between UWB/WB systems and conventional SAR systems. We illustrate aspects of UWB/WB image formation with imagery from the P3 ultra-wideband radar system - a 0.3 m resolution SAR which operates in the VHF/UHF frequency bands}, keywords = {SAR Processing, Range Migration Algorithm, Wavefront Reconstruction, Wavenumber Domain Algorithm, omega-k, RFI Suppression, Motion Compensation, Autofocus Techniques, Ultra-Wideband SAR, Sidelobe Control, P-Band, FOPEN, Airborne SAR}, pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/GoodmanTummalaCarrara95.pdf}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/3929/11378/00522595.pdf} } -
F. Holecz,
A. Freeman,
and J. van Zyl.
Topographic effects on the antenna gain pattern correction.
In IGARSS '95, Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,
volume 1,
pages 587--589,
1995.
Keywords: SAR Processing, SAR Geocoding, Geocoding, SIR-C, X-SAR, antenna gain pattern correction, antenna radiation patterns, radiometric calibration, calibration, Radiometric Correction, remote sensing by radar, satellite antennas, Spaceborne SAR, terrain effect, terrain mapping, topographic effect, ERS-1, ERS-2, JERS-1, RADARSAT, SIR-C, X-SAR.Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyse and quantify the topographic effects on the antenna gain pattern correction of existing spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar systems, namely ERS-1, JERS-1, SIR-C, and X-SAR. Simulations and real SAR data of a test site are used. The corrections are carried out taking into account the local surface topography and compared with the standard method based on a reference ellipsoid. Results show that elevation variations in the ERS-1 and JERS-1 cases do not. affect significantly the antenna gain pattern correction. For extreme topographic differences, greater than 3000 m, a reference altitude for the radiometric calibration is suggested. On the other hand, for the low-orbit SRL-1J2 terrain information is strongly recommended, particularly, if relief differences within the image are significant, namely greater than 1000 m. Furthermore, it will be shown that in the SIR-C case, even if the polarizations of the am tenna gain patterns are slightly different, polarimetric calibration errors due to relief variations can be neglected. Finally, implications for forthcoming spaceborne SAR systems, i.e. ERS-2 and RADARSAT, are discussed. @INPROCEEDINGS{holeczFreemanVanZyl95:AGP, author = {Holecz, F. and Freeman, A. and van Zyl, J.}, title = {Topographic effects on the antenna gain pattern correction}, booktitle = {IGARSS '95, Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium}, year = {1995}, volume = {1}, pages = {587--589}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to analyse and quantify the topographic effects on the antenna gain pattern correction of existing spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar systems, namely ERS-1, JERS-1, SIR-C, and X-SAR. Simulations and real SAR data of a test site are used. The corrections are carried out taking into account the local surface topography and compared with the standard method based on a reference ellipsoid. Results show that elevation variations in the ERS-1 and JERS-1 cases do not. affect significantly the antenna gain pattern correction. For extreme topographic differences, greater than 3000 m, a reference altitude for the radiometric calibration is suggested. On the other hand, for the low-orbit SRL-1J2 terrain information is strongly recommended, particularly, if relief differences within the image are significant, namely greater than 1000 m. Furthermore, it will be shown that in the SIR-C case, even if the polarizations of the am tenna gain patterns are slightly different, polarimetric calibration errors due to relief variations can be neglected. Finally, implications for forthcoming spaceborne SAR systems, i.e. ERS-2 and RADARSAT, are discussed.}, keywords = {SAR Processing, SAR Geocoding, Geocoding, SIR-C, X-SAR, antenna gain pattern correction, antenna radiation patterns,radiometric calibration, calibration,Radiometric Correction, remote sensing by radar, satellite antennas, Spaceborne SAR, terrain effect, terrain mapping, topographic effect, ERS-1, ERS-2, JERS-1, RADARSAT, SIR-C, X-SAR}, owner = {ofrey}, pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/holeczFreemanVanZyl95.pdf}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/3940/11409/00520462.pdf} } -
P. Pasquali,
C. Prati,
F. Rocca,
M. Seymour,
J. Fortuny,
E. Ohlmer,
and A.J. Sieber.
A 3-D SAR experiment with EMSL data.
In Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1995. IGARSS '95. 'Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications', International,
volume 1,
pages 784--786,
1995.
Keywords: SAR Processing, Tomography, SAR Tomography, radar applications, radar imaging, remote sensing by radar, synthetic aperture radar, topography (Earth), EMSL, European Microwave Signature Laboratory o, JRC, geodesy, geophysical measurement technique, horizontal slice, interferometric SAR image, land surface topography, multi-baseline SAR, radar remote sensing, synthetic aperture radar, target reconstruction, terrain mapping, three dimensional structure.Abstract: In usual SAR systems the image spectrum is regularly sampled along azimuth and slant range. A third dimension is found in the baseline of interferometric SAR images. An experiment on the use of multi-baseline SAR images far 3D target reconstruction is presented. The data have been collected in the European Microwave Signature Laboratory of JRC. The volume is presented as horizontal slices of the target at different depths. @INPROCEEDINGS{pasqualiPratiRoccaSeymourFortunyOhlmerSieber95:3DSAR, author = {Pasquali, P. and Prati, C. and Rocca, F. and Seymour, M. and Fortuny, J. and Ohlmer, E. and Sieber, A.J.}, title = {A 3-D SAR experiment with EMSL data}, booktitle = {Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1995. IGARSS '95. 'Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications', International}, year = {1995}, volume = {1}, pages = {784--786}, abstract = {In usual SAR systems the image spectrum is regularly sampled along azimuth and slant range. A third dimension is found in the baseline of interferometric SAR images. An experiment on the use of multi-baseline SAR images far 3D target reconstruction is presented. The data have been collected in the European Microwave Signature Laboratory of JRC. The volume is presented as horizontal slices of the target at different depths.}, keywords = {SAR Processing, Tomography, SAR Tomography, radar applications, radar imaging, remote sensing by radar, synthetic aperture radar, topography (Earth), EMSL, European Microwave Signature Laboratory o, JRC, geodesy, geophysical measurement technique, horizontal slice, interferometric SAR image, land surface topography, multi-baseline SAR, radar remote sensing, synthetic aperture radar, target reconstruction, terrain mapping, three dimensional structure}, owner = {ofrey}, pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/pasqualiPratiRoccaSeymourFortunyOhlmerSieber95.pdf}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/3940/11409/00520585.pdf} }
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Last modified: Wed Sep 8 19:32:46 2010
Author: Othmar Frey , Remote Sensing Laboratories (RSL), University of Zurich, Switzerland .
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