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Publications of year 1989

Articles in journal or book chapters

  1. D. Blacknell, A. Freeman, S. Quegan, I.A. Ward, I.P. Finley, C.J. Oliver, R.G. White, and J.W. Wood. Geometric accuracy in airborne SAR images. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transactions on, 25(2):241-258, March 1989.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Airborne SAR, Motion Compensation, Motion Errors, Residual Motion Errors, aircraft instrumentation, microwave imaging, position measurement, radar, X-band, airborne SAR images, autofocus, azimuth processing, azimuthal positioning accuracy, defocusing, geometric accuracy, microwave imaging, range positioning accuracy, synthetic aperture radar.
    Abstract: Uncorrected across-track motions of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) platform can cause both a severe loss of azimuthal positioning accuracy in, and defocusing of, the resultant SAR image. It is shown how the results of an autofocus procedure can be incorporated in the azimuth processing to produce a fully focused image that is geometrically accurate in azimuth. Range positioning accuracy is also discussed, leading to a comprehensive treatment of all aspects of geometric accuracy. The system considered is an X-band SAR 

    @ARTICLE{blacknellFreemanQueganWardFinleyOliverWhiteWood1989,
author = {Blacknell, D. and Freeman, A. and Quegan, S. and Ward, I.A. and Finley, I.P. and Oliver, C.J. and White, R.G. and Wood, J.W.},
title = {{Geometric accuracy in airborne SAR images}},
journal = {Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transactions on},
year = {1989},
volume = {25},
pages = {241-258},
number = {2},
month = {Mar},
abstract = {Uncorrected across-track motions of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) platform can cause both a severe loss of azimuthal positioning accuracy in, and defocusing of, the resultant SAR image. It is shown how the results of an autofocus procedure can be incorporated in the azimuth processing to produce a fully focused image that is geometrically accurate in azimuth. Range positioning accuracy is also discussed, leading to a comprehensive treatment of all aspects of geometric accuracy. The system considered is an X-band SAR},
doi = {10.1109/7.18685},
issn = {0018-9251},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Airborne SAR, Motion Compensation, Motion Errors, Residual Motion Errors, aircraft instrumentation, microwave imaging, position measurement, radar, X-band, airborne SAR images, autofocus, azimuth processing, azimuthal positioning accuracy, defocusing, geometric accuracy, microwave imaging, range positioning accuracy, synthetic aperture radar},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/blacknellFreemanQueganWardFinleyOliverWhiteWood1989.pdf},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7/701/00018685.pdf} 
}


  2. P. H. Eichel, D. C. Ghiglia, and C. V. Jakowatz. Speckle processing method for synthetic-aperture-radar phase correction. Opt. Lett., 14(1):1, 1989.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Autofocus, Phase Gradient Autofocus, PGA.
    Abstract: Uncompensated phase errors present in synthetic-aperture-radar data can have a disastrous effect on reconstructed image quality. We present a new iterative algorithm that holds promise of being a robust estimator and corrector for arbitrary phase errors. Our algorithm is similar in many respects to speckle processing methods currently used in optical astronomy. We demonstrate its ability to focus scenes containing large amounts of phase error regardless of the phase-error structure or its source. The algorithm works extremely well in both high and low signal-to-clutter conditions without human intervention. 

    @ARTICLE{eichelGhigliaJakowatz1989:PGAutofocus,
author = {P. H. Eichel and D. C. Ghiglia and C. V. Jakowatz, Jr.},
title = {Speckle processing method for synthetic-aperture-radar phase correction},
journal = {Opt. Lett.},
year = {1989},
volume = {14},
pages = {1},
number = {1},
abstract = {Uncompensated phase errors present in synthetic-aperture-radar data can have a disastrous effect on reconstructed 

image quality. We present a new iterative algorithm that holds promise of being a robust estimator and corrector 

for arbitrary phase errors. Our algorithm is similar in many respects to speckle processing methods currently used 

in optical astronomy. We demonstrate its ability to focus scenes containing large amounts of phase error regardless 

of the phase-error structure or its source. The algorithm works extremely well in both high and low signal-to-clutter 

conditions without human intervention.},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Autofocus, Phase Gradient Autofocus, PGA},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/eichelGhigliaJakowatz1989.pdf},
publisher = {OSA},
url = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/DirectPDFAccess/B56C8F98-BDB9-137E-C1C89153420D70A4_9494.pdf} 
}


  3. P. H. Eichel and C. V. Jakowatz. Phase-gradient algorithm as an optimal estimator of the phase derivative. Opt. Lett., 14(20):1101, 1989.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Autofocus, Phase Gradient Autofocus, PGA.
    Abstract: The phase-gradient algorithm represents a powerful new signal-processing technique with applications to aperturesynthesis imaging. These include, for example, synthetic-aperture-radar phase correction and stellar-image reconstruction. The algorithm combines redundant information present in the data to arrive at an estimate of the phase derivative. We show that the estimator is in fact a linear, minimum-variance estimator of the phase derivative. 

    @ARTICLE{eichelJakowatz1989b:PGAutofocus,
author = {P. H. Eichel and C. V. Jakowatz, Jr.},
title = {Phase-gradient algorithm as an optimal estimator of the phase derivative},
journal = {Opt. Lett.},
year = {1989},
volume = {14},
pages = {1101},
number = {20},
abstract = {The phase-gradient algorithm represents a powerful new signal-processing technique with applications to aperturesynthesis 

imaging. These include, for example, synthetic-aperture-radar phase correction and stellar-image reconstruction. 

The algorithm combines redundant information present in the data to arrive at an estimate of the phase 

derivative. We show that the estimator is in fact a linear, minimum-variance estimator of the phase derivative.},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Autofocus, Phase Gradient Autofocus, PGA},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/eichelJakowatz1989b.pdf},
publisher = {OSA},
url = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/DirectPDFAccess/B56BBC0E-BDB9-137E-C6FF2BB309852EF7_9826.pdf?} 
}


  4. Donald Fraser. Interpolation by the FFT Revisited - an Experimental Investigation. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 37(5):665-675, May 1989.
    Keywords: Interpolation, Interpolation by FFT, Fast Fourier Transforms, FFT, Nyquist limit, RMS error, Sampling Rate Conversion, Upsampling, Sinusoidal Test Signal.
    Abstract: Interpolation by the FFT has become a practial proposition in many new areas, such as image resampling, with the recent emergence of extremly fast FFT and microcircuits. This paper desctibes a numerical investigation into the accuracy of interpolation by fast Fourier transform (FFT) using a sinusoidal test signal. The method is precisely defined, including a previously unnoticed detail which makes a significant difference to the accuracy of the result. The experiments show that, with no input windowing, the accuracy of interpolation is almost independent of sinusoidal wavelength very close to the Nyquist limit. The resulting RMS error is inversely proportional to input sequence length and is very low for sequence lengths likely to be encountered in practice. As wavelength passes through the Nyquist limit, there is a sudden increase in error, as is expected from sampling theory. If the sequence ends are windowed by short, cosine half-bells, accuracy is further improved at longer wavelengths. In comparison, small-kernel convolution methods, such as linear interpolation and cubic convolution, perform badly at wavelengths anywhere near the Nyquist limit 

    @ARTICLE{fraser89:Interpolation,
author = {Donald Fraser},
title = {{Interpolation by the FFT Revisited - an Experimental Investigation}},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing},
year = {1989},
volume = {37},
pages = {665-675},
number = {5},
month = May,
abstract = {Interpolation by the FFT has become a practial proposition in many new areas, such as image resampling, with the recent emergence of extremly fast FFT and microcircuits. This paper desctibes a numerical investigation into the accuracy of interpolation by fast Fourier transform (FFT) using a sinusoidal test signal. The method is precisely defined, including a previously unnoticed detail which makes a significant difference to the accuracy of the result. The experiments show that, with no input windowing, the accuracy of interpolation is almost independent of sinusoidal wavelength very close to the Nyquist limit. The resulting RMS error is inversely proportional to input sequence length and is very low for sequence lengths likely to be encountered in practice. As wavelength passes through the Nyquist limit, there is a sudden increase in error, as is expected from sampling theory. If the sequence ends are windowed by short, cosine half-bells, accuracy is further improved at longer wavelengths. In comparison, small-kernel convolution methods, such as linear interpolation and cubic convolution, perform badly at wavelengths anywhere near the Nyquist limit},
keywords = {Interpolation, Interpolation by FFT, Fast Fourier Transforms, FFT, Nyquist limit, RMS error, Sampling Rate Conversion, Upsampling, Sinusoidal Test Signal},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/fraser89.pdf},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel1/29/637/00017559.pdf} 
}


  5. Soren N. Madsen. Estimating the Doppler Centroid of SAR Data. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 25(2):134-140, 1989.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Doppler Centroid, Doppler Centroid Estimation, Clutterlock, Sign Doppler Estimator, SDE, Correlation Doppler Estimator, CDE, delta E Estimator, Satellite SAR, SEASAT.
    Abstract: After reviewing frequency-domain techniques for estimating the Doppler centroid of synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) data, the author describes a time-domain method and highlights its advantages. In particular, a nonlinear time-domain algorithm called the sign-Doppler estimator (SDE) is shown to have attractive properties. An evaluation based on an existing SEASAT processor is reported. The time-domain algorithms are shown to be extremely efficient with respect to requirements on calculations and memory, and hence they are well suited to real-time systems where the Doppler estimation is based on raw SAR data. For offline processors where the Doppler estimation is performed on processed data, which removes the problem of partial coverage of bright targets, the delta_E estimator and the CDE (correlation Doppler estimator) algorithm give similar performance. However, for nonhomogeneous scenes it is found that the nonlinear SDE algorithm, which estimates the Doppler-shift on the basis of data signs alone, gives superior performance. 

    @ARTICLE{madsen89:DopCentrEst,
author = {S{\o}ren N. Madsen},
title = {{Estimating the Doppler Centroid of SAR Data}},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems},
year = {1989},
volume = {25},
pages = {134-140},
number = {2},
abstract = {After reviewing frequency-domain techniques for estimating the Doppler centroid of synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) data, the author describes a time-domain method and highlights its advantages. In particular, a nonlinear time-domain algorithm called the sign-Doppler estimator (SDE) is shown to have attractive properties. An evaluation based on an existing SEASAT processor is reported. The time-domain algorithms are shown to be extremely efficient with respect to requirements on calculations and memory, and hence they are well suited to real-time systems where the Doppler estimation is based on raw SAR data. For offline processors where the Doppler estimation is performed on processed data, which removes the problem of partial coverage of bright targets, the delta_E estimator and the CDE (correlation Doppler estimator) algorithm give similar performance. However, for nonhomogeneous scenes it is found that the nonlinear SDE algorithm, which estimates the Doppler-shift on the basis of data signs alone, gives superior performance.},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Doppler Centroid, Doppler Centroid Estimation, Clutterlock, Sign Doppler Estimator, SDE, Correlation Doppler Estimator, CDE, delta E Estimator, Satellite SAR, SEASAT},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/madsen89.pdf},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7/701/00018675.pdf} 
}


  6. R.L. Mitchell. Creating complex signal samples from a band-limited real signal. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transactions on, 25(3):425-427, 1989.
    Keywords: quadrature demodulation, demodulation, digital filters, filtering and prediction theory, radar theory, signal processing, FIR filter, band-limited real signal, filter, finite-duration impulse response, image band rejection, radar theory, signal processing.
    Abstract: A very efficient method of creating complex signal samples from a band-limited real signal is presented. Because the method employs a simple mixer followed by one analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, plus a finite-duration impulse response (FIR) filter for image band rejection, there is no phase distortion in the resulting sampled signal. The method is more efficient than competing methods based on infinite-duration impulse response (IIR) filters. 

    @ARTICLE{mitchell89:demod,
author = {Mitchell, R.L.},
title = {Creating complex signal samples from a band-limited real signal},
journal = {Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transactions on},
year = {1989},
volume = {25},
pages = {425-427},
number = {3},
abstract = {A very efficient method of creating complex signal samples from a band-limited real signal is presented. Because the method employs a simple mixer followed by one analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, plus a finite-duration impulse response (FIR) filter for image band rejection, there is no phase distortion in the resulting sampled signal. The method is more efficient than competing methods based on infinite-duration impulse response (IIR) filters.},
keywords = {quadrature demodulation,demodulation,digital filters, filtering and prediction theory, radar theory, signal processing, FIR filter, band-limited real signal, filter, finite-duration impulse response, image band rejection, radar theory, signal processing},
pdf = {data/sar44/ofrey/protected/PAPERS/mitchell89.pdf},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel4/7/1324/00030799.pdf} 
}


  7. Petre Stoica, Randolph L. Moses, Benjamin Friedlander, and Torsten Söderström. Maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of multiple sinusoids from noisy measurements. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing [see also IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing], IEEE Transactions on, 37(3):378--392, 1989.
    Keywords: RFI Suppression, filtering and prediction theory, spectral analysis, Cramer-Rao bound covariance matrix, initial estimates, maximum-likelihood, maximum-likelihood estimator, MLE, multiple sinusoids, noisy measurements, spectral analysis.
    Abstract: The problem of estimating the frequencies, phases, and amplitudesof sinusoidal signals is considered. A simplified maximum-likelihoodGauss-Newton algorithm which provides asymptotically efficient estimatesof these parameters is proposed. Initial estimates for this algorithmare obtained by a variation of the overdetermined Yule-Walker method andperiodogram-based procedure. Use of the maximum-likelihood Gauss-Newtonalgorithm is not, however, limited to this particular initializationmethod. Some other possibilities to get suitable initial estimates arebriefly discussed. An analytical and numerical study of the shape of thelikelihood function associated with the sinusoids-in-noise processreveals its multimodal structure and clearly sets the importance of theinitialization procedure. Some numerical examples are presented toillustrate the performance of the proposed estimation procedure.Comparison to the performance corresponding to the Cramer-Rao lowerbound is also presented, using a simple expression for the asymptoticCramer-Rao bound covariance matrix derived in the paper 

    @ARTICLE{stoicaMosesFriedlanderSoederstroem89:RFI,
author = {Stoica, Petre and Moses, Randolph L. and Friedlander, Benjamin and S{\"o}derstr{\"o}m, Torsten},
title = {{Maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of multiple sinusoids from noisy measurements}},
journal = {Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing [see also IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing], IEEE Transactions on},
year = {1989},
volume = {37},
pages = {378--392},
number = {3},
abstract = {The problem of estimating the frequencies, phases, and amplitudesof sinusoidal signals is considered. A simplified maximum-likelihoodGauss-Newton algorithm which provides asymptotically efficient estimatesof these parameters is proposed. Initial estimates for this algorithmare obtained by a variation of the overdetermined Yule-Walker method andperiodogram-based procedure. Use of the maximum-likelihood Gauss-Newtonalgorithm is not, however, limited to this particular initializationmethod. Some other possibilities to get suitable initial estimates arebriefly discussed. An analytical and numerical study of the shape of thelikelihood function associated with the sinusoids-in-noise processreveals its multimodal structure and clearly sets the importance of theinitialization procedure. Some numerical examples are presented toillustrate the performance of the proposed estimation procedure.Comparison to the performance corresponding to the Cramer-Rao lowerbound is also presented, using a simple expression for the asymptoticCramer-Rao bound covariance matrix derived in the paper},
issn = {0096-3518},
keywords = {RFI Suppression, filtering and prediction theory, spectral analysis, Cramer-Rao bound covariance matrix, initial estimates, maximum-likelihood, maximum-likelihood estimator, MLE, multiple sinusoids, noisy measurements, spectral analysis},
owner = {ofrey},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/stoicaMosesFriedlanderSoederstroem89.pdf},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel1/29/873/00021705.pdf} 
}


  8. P. Stoica and Arye Nehorai. MUSIC, maximum likelihood, and Cramer-Rao bound. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 37(5):720-741, May 1989.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, MUSIC, SAR Tomography, radio direction-finding, signal processing, Cramer-Rao bound, MUSIC estimator, covariance matrix, direction finding, maximum likelihood method, plane waves, signal processing, statistical efficiency, uniform linear array.
    Abstract: The performance of the MUSIC and ML methods is studied, and their statistical efficiency is analyzed. The Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) for the estimation problems is derived, and some useful properties of the CRB covariance matrix are established. The relationship between the MUSIC and ML estimators is investigated as well. A numerical study is reported of the statistical efficiency of the MUSIC estimator for the problem of finding the directions of two plane waves using a uniform linear array. An exact description of the results is included 

    @ARTICLE{stoicaNehorai1989:MUSICMLCramerRao,
author = {Stoica, P. and Nehorai, Arye},
title = {{MUSIC}, maximum likelihood, and Cramer-Rao bound},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing},
year = {1989},
volume = {37},
pages = {720-741},
number = {5},
month = {May},
abstract = {The performance of the MUSIC and ML methods is studied, and their statistical efficiency is analyzed. The Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) for the estimation problems is derived, and some useful properties of the CRB covariance matrix are established. The relationship between the MUSIC and ML estimators is investigated as well. A numerical study is reported of the statistical efficiency of the MUSIC estimator for the problem of finding the directions of two plane waves using a uniform linear array. An exact description of the results is included},
doi = {10.1109/29.17564},
issn = {0096-3518},
keywords = {SAR Processing, MUSIC, SAR Tomography, radio direction-finding, signal processing, Cramer-Rao bound, MUSIC estimator, covariance matrix, direction finding, maximum likelihood method, plane waves, signal processing, statistical efficiency, uniform linear array},
owner = {ofrey},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/stoicaNehorai1989.pdf},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=17564&isnumber=637} 
}


Conference articles

  1. J.L. Bauck and W. K. Jenkins. Convolution-backprojection image resource for bistatic synthetic aperture radar. In Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits and Systems, volume 3, pages 1512-1515, May 1989.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Bistatic SAR, Backprojection, bistatic synthetic aperture radar, Azimuth Focusing, convolution-backprojection, elliptical-arc projections, final reconstructed image, ground patch, image resource, pixel, weighting, radar cross-sections, radar theory;.
    Abstract: The algorithm presented accounts for the elliptical nature of the wavefronts over the ground patch (resulting in elliptical-arc projections) and is based on the convolution-backprojection (CBP) algorithm of computer tomography. Essentially, three changes were made to the CBP algorithm. First, instead of backprojection along straight lines, the backprojection is along the same elliptical arcs from which the data were taken. Second, each pixel in the image, during each backprojection, receives a weighting depending on its position in the image. Third, each projection receives an additional overall weighting depending on the positions of the transmitter and the receiver for the corresponding projection. As with CBP, each projection is convolved with a specified function before backprojection, and all of the backprojections are accumulated to form the final reconstructed image 

    @INPROCEEDINGS{BauckJenkins1989:BackProjectionBiStatic,
author={Bauck, J.L. and Jenkins, W. K.},
booktitle={Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits and Systems},
title={Convolution-backprojection image resource for bistatic synthetic aperture radar},
year={1989},
month=may,
volume={3},
number={},
pages={1512-1515},
abstract={The algorithm presented accounts for the elliptical nature of the wavefronts over the ground patch (resulting in elliptical-arc projections) and is based on the convolution-backprojection (CBP) algorithm of computer tomography. Essentially, three changes were made to the CBP algorithm. First, instead of backprojection along straight lines, the backprojection is along the same elliptical arcs from which the data were taken. Second, each pixel in the image, during each backprojection, receives a weighting depending on its position in the image. Third, each projection receives an additional overall weighting depending on the positions of the transmitter and the receiver for the corresponding projection. As with CBP, each projection is convolved with a specified function before backprojection, and all of the backprojections are accumulated to form the final reconstructed image },
keywords={SAR Processing,Bistatic SAR, Backprojection, bistatic synthetic aperture radar; Azimuth Focusing, convolution-backprojection;elliptical-arc projections;final reconstructed image;ground patch;image resource;pixel;weighting;radar cross-sections;radar theory;},
doi={10.1109/ISCAS.1989.100645},
ISSN={},

}


  2. C. Y. Chang and John C. Curlander. Doppler Centroid Estimation Ambiguity For Synthetic Aperture Radars. In IGARSS '89, International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, volume 4, pages 2567-2571, July 1989.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Doppler Centroid, Doppler Centroid Estimation, Clutterlock, Doppler Ambiguity Resolver, DAR, Range Cross-Correlation Technique, Multiple PRF Technique, SIR-C.
    Abstract: A technique for estimation of the Doppler centroid of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in the presence of a large antenna boresight pointing uncertainty is described. Also investigated is the image degradation resulting from data processing using an ambiguous centroid. Two approaches for Doppler centroid estimation (DCE) ambiguity resolution are presented: The range cross-correlation technique and the multiple PRF technique. For the multiple PRF technique, since other design factors control the selection for SAR, a generalized algorithm is derived for PRFs not containing a common divisor. An example using the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-C) parameters illustrates that this algorithm is capable of resolving the C-band DCE ambiguity for antenna pointing uncertainties of 2? ~ 3?. 

    @INPROCEEDINGS{ChanCurl89:Doppler,
author = {C. Y. Chang and John C. Curlander},
title = {{Doppler Centroid Estimation Ambiguity For Synthetic Aperture Radars}},
booktitle = {IGARSS '89, International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium},
year = {1989},
volume = {4},
pages = {2567-2571},
month = July,
abstract = {A technique for estimation of the Doppler centroid of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in the presence of a large antenna boresight pointing uncertainty is described. Also investigated is the image degradation resulting from data processing using an ambiguous centroid. Two approaches for Doppler centroid estimation (DCE) ambiguity resolution are presented: The range cross-correlation technique and the multiple PRF technique. For the multiple PRF technique, since other design factors control the selection for SAR, a generalized algorithm is derived for PRFs not containing a common divisor. An example using the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-C) parameters illustrates that this algorithm is capable of resolving the C-band DCE ambiguity for antenna pointing uncertainties of 2? ~ 3?.},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Doppler Centroid, Doppler Centroid Estimation, Clutterlock, Doppler Ambiguity Resolver, DAR, Range Cross-Correlation Technique, Multiple PRF Technique, SIR-C},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/changCurl89.pdf} 
}


  3. P.H. Eichel, D.C. Ghiglia, C.V. Jakowatz, G.A. Mastin, L.A. Romero, and D.E. Wahl. Applications of phase gradient autofocus to aperture synthesis imaging. In Multidimensional Signal Processing Workshop, 1989., Sixth, pages 57--58, Sept. 1989.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Autofocus, Phase Gradient Autofocus. 
    @INPROCEEDINGS{Eichel1989,
author = {Eichel, P.H. and Ghiglia, D.C. and Jakowatz, C.V. and Mastin, G.A. and Romero, L.A. and Wahl, D.E.},
title = {Applications of phase gradient autofocus to aperture synthesis imaging},
booktitle = {Multidimensional Signal Processing Workshop, 1989., Sixth},
year = {1989},
pages = {57--58},
month = {Sept.},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Autofocus, Phase Gradient Autofocus},
owner = {ofrey} 
}


  4. João Moreira and Winfried Poetzsch. Results Of The Real-time Adaptive Radiometric Correction Implemented In The Dfvlr L/C-band Sar. In Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1989. IGARSS'89. 12th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing., 1989 International, volume 4, pages 2232-2234, 1989.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, AGC, Automatic Gain Control, STC, Sensitivity Time Control, Calibration, Radiometry, Radiometric Calibration, Radiometric Correction, APG, Antenna Gain Pattern, ESAR, E-SAR. 
    @INPROCEEDINGS{moreiraPoetzsch89:AGCSTC,
author = {Moreira, Jo{\~a}o and Poetzsch, Winfried},
title = {Results Of The Real-time Adaptive Radiometric Correction Implemented In The Dfvlr L/C-band Sar},
booktitle = {Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1989. IGARSS'89. 12th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing., 1989 International},
year = {1989},
volume = {4},
pages = {2232-2234},
keywords = {SAR Processing, AGC, Automatic Gain Control, STC, Sensitivity Time Control, Calibration, Radiometry, Radiometric Calibration, Radiometric Correction, APG, Antenna Gain Pattern, ESAR, E-SAR},
owner = {ofrey},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/moreiraPoetzsch89.pdf},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel2/4280/12519/00577826.pdf} 
}


  5. R. Keith Raney and Paris W. Vachon. A Phase Preserving SAR Processor. In IGARSS '89, International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, volume 4, pages 2588-2591, July 1989.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Phase Preserving, Range Migration Algorithm, omega-k, Wavenumber Domain Algorithm.
    Abstract: Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image phase information is necessary to support many advanced SAR applications. The phase information in the complex image for conventional range-Doppler processors is not a robust estimate of scene phase. A SAR processor specifically designed to preserve phase information is being developed at the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS). In addition to preserving vital phase information, this processor can support large degrees of range curvature and range migration. Therefore, it is possible, in principle, to use this processor for satellite SAR data, high resolution airborne SAR data, and for both squint mode and spotlight mode SAR data. This paper summarizes the theory and presents early results. 

    @INPROCEEDINGS{raneyVachon89:PhasePreserving,
author = {R. Keith Raney and Paris W. Vachon},
title = {{A Phase Preserving SAR Processor}},
booktitle = {IGARSS '89, International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium},
year = {1989},
volume = {4},
pages = {2588-2591},
month = July,
abstract = {Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image phase information is necessary to support many advanced SAR applications. The phase information in the complex image for conventional range-Doppler processors is not a robust estimate of scene phase. A SAR processor specifically designed to preserve phase information is being developed at the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS). In addition to preserving vital phase information, this processor can support large degrees of range curvature and range migration. Therefore, it is possible, in principle, to use this processor for satellite SAR data, high resolution airborne SAR data, and for both squint mode and spotlight mode SAR data. This paper summarizes the theory and presents early results.},
comment = {++},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Phase Preserving, Range Migration Algorithm, omega-k, Wavenumber Domain Algorithm},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/raney89.pdf} 
}


  6. Hartmut Runge and Richard Bamler. PRF Ambiguity Resolving for SAR. In IGARSS '89, International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, volume 4, pages 2572-2575, July 1989.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Doppler Centroid, Doppler Centroid Estimation, Clutterlock, Doppler Ambiguity Resolver, DAR, Look Correlation, Comparison of Algorithms, SIR-C, X-SAR.
    Abstract: For high precision SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) processing, the determination of the absolute Doppler centroid is indispensable. The Doppler frequency estimated from azimuth spectra, however, suffers from the fact that the data are sampled with the PRF and an ambiguity about the correct PRF-band remains. Five methods for ambiguity resolving are proposed and discussed together with the already known technique of look correlation. None of these methods have a requirement on the mission schedule. It is shown that the following effect can be used to measure the absolute Doppler frequency: the Doppler shift of range spectra, range migration, image geometric misregistration and the use of multifrequency radar data. 

    @INPROCEEDINGS{RungeBaml89:Doppler,
author = {Hartmut Runge and Richard Bamler},
title = {{PRF Ambiguity Resolving for SAR}},
booktitle = {IGARSS '89, International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium},
year = {1989},
volume = {4},
pages = {2572-2575},
month = July,
abstract = {For high precision SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) processing, the determination of the absolute Doppler centroid is indispensable. The Doppler frequency estimated from azimuth spectra, however, suffers from the fact that the data are sampled with the PRF and an ambiguity about the correct PRF-band remains. Five methods for ambiguity resolving are proposed and discussed together with the already known technique of look correlation. None of these methods have a requirement on the mission schedule. It is shown that the following effect can be used to measure the absolute Doppler frequency: the Doppler shift of range spectra, range migration, image geometric misregistration and the use of multifrequency radar data.},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Doppler Centroid, Doppler Centroid Estimation, Clutterlock, Doppler Ambiguity Resolver, DAR, Look Correlation, Comparison of Algorithms, SIR-C, X-SAR},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/rungeBamler89.pdf} 
}


  7. J. Siewerth. Theory And Quantitative Comparison Of Doppler Centroid Estimation Methods. In Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1989. IGARSS'89. 12th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing. 1989 International, volume 4, pages 2576--2578, 1989.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Doppler Centroid Estimation, Energy Balancing, Sign Doppler Estimator, SDE, Correlation Doppler Estimator, CDE, ERS.
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to describe the theory and implementation of three different Doppler centroid estimation methods and to present the first results of currently performed quantitative investigations. The Doppler centroid shift caused by the relative velocity between the sensor platform and the targets is derived by analysing the recieved SAR data. In contrast to the conventionally used Delta-E method (also called energy balancing), which is a frequency approach, the two other methods, the Correlation Doppler Estimator (CDE) and the Sign Doppler Estimator (SDE), are both performed in the time domain. 

    @INPROCEEDINGS{siewerth89:dopCen,
author = {Siewerth, J.},
title = {Theory And Quantitative Comparison Of Doppler Centroid Estimation Methods},
booktitle = {Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1989. IGARSS'89. 12th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing. 1989 International},
year = {1989},
volume = {4},
pages = {2576--2578},
abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to describe the theory and implementation of three different Doppler centroid estimation methods and to present the first results of currently performed quantitative investigations. The Doppler centroid shift caused by the relative velocity between the sensor platform and the targets is derived by analysing the recieved SAR data. In contrast to the conventionally used Delta-E method (also called energy balancing), which is a frequency approach, the two other methods, the Correlation Doppler Estimator (CDE) and the Sign Doppler Estimator (SDE), are both performed in the time domain.},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Doppler Centroid Estimation, Energy Balancing, Sign Doppler Estimator, SDE, Correlation Doppler Estimator, CDE, ERS},
owner = {ofrey},
pdf = {http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~ofrey/protected/PAPERS/siewerth89.pdf},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel2/4280/12519/00577934.pdf} 
}


Internal reports

  1. Fabio Rocca, Claudio Prati, and Andrea Monti-Guarnieri. New Algorithms for Processing of SAR Data. ESA Contract Report, ESRIN Contract no. 7998/88/F/FL(SC), 1989.
    Keywords: SAR Processing, Range Migration Algorithm, omega-k, Wavenumber Domain Algorithm, Range-Doppler Algorithm, Secondary Range Compression, Comparison of Algorithms. 
    @TECHREPORT{roccaPratiMontiGuarnieri89:omegak,
author = {Fabio Rocca and Claudio Prati and Andrea Monti-Guarnieri},
title = {{New Algorithms for Processing of SAR Data}},
year = {1989},
type = {ESA Contract Report, ESRIN Contract no. 7998/88/F/FL(SC)},
keywords = {SAR Processing, Range Migration Algorithm, omega-k, Wavenumber Domain Algorithm, Range-Doppler Algorithm, Secondary Range Compression, Comparison of Algorithms} 
}



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This collection of SAR literature is far from being complete.
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Last modified: Wed Sep 8 19:32:46 2010
Author: Othmar Frey , Remote Sensing Laboratories (RSL), University of Zurich, Switzerland .

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